SOC1A Exam 2 Study Guide (Modules 5-8)
In past centuries, European nations
colonized countries in only Africa
Non-industrial countries, when compared with those who have embraced technology
have fallen behind; Underdeveloped countries that did not have access to Industrialization
Absolute poverty; a life-threatening
lack of resources
Horizontal mobility
moves from one occupation to another—same level
Although both single men and single women report social pressure to get married,
women are subject to greater scrutiny
Research has revealed that in societies which some consider to be matriarchies,
women comprise the dominant group. In these societies, women and men tend to work cooperatively rather than competitively, regardless of whether a job is considered feminine by U.S. standards
Lower-middle class
working class people
Low-income countries
Are the periphery by providing inexpensive labor and a market for industrial products. They are economically dependent on advanced nations and have very little industrialization
David-Moore thesis
More important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them
intragenerational mobility
change in social position during a person's lifetime
Social mobility
change on position within the social hierarchy
Research at Stanford University suggests that people who self-identify as white
cite personal hardships to help maintain positive image of themselves and to continue enjoying white privilege
Global stratification
compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world
Absolute poverty
deprivation of resources that is life-threatening; A state of living where people lack even the basic necessities which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare
Ethnicity
describes shared culture, ancestry, nationality, or even religion
In Wallerstein's theory
dominant capitalism countries which are highly industrialized and urbanized are referred to as core countries
Researchers have found that the rate of intimate partner violence
doubles for women in low-income disadvantaged areas when compared to the incidence experienced by women who reside in affluent areas
In the US, the richest 20% of the population
earns more than 12 times as much as the poorest 20%
As the United States develops a postindustrial economy
economic inequality is increasing
Social stratification is necessary to promote
excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for
Extended family
extends beyond the core family, usually including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, usually who in one household or very nearby
Relative poverty
found everywhere; A state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society's average standard of living
The Immigration Act of 1924
further curtailed Chinese immigration. This Act included the race-based National Origins Act, which was aimed at keeping U.S. ethnic stock as undiluted as possible by reducing "undesirable" immigrants. It was not until after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that Chinese immigration again increased, and many Chinese families were reunited
In the caste system, economies are
generally agrarian
Government-sponsored, formalized discrimination against African Americans
has been outlawed, therefore, true equity does not yet exist
During the last three decades, the real income of African American families in the United states
has changed very little
In the United States, children under 18
has the highest poverty rate
Cuban Americans, perhaps because of their relative wealth and education level at the time of immigration
have fared better than many immigrants. Further because they were fleeing a Communist country, were given refugee status and offered protection and social services by the U.S. government
Research presents evidence that
homosexuals and bisexuals are treated differently than heterosexuals in schools, the workplace, and the military. In 2011, for example, Sears an Mallory used data from the 2008 General Social Survey to show that 27 percent of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) respondents reported experiencing sexual orientation-based discrimination during the five years prior to the survey, and that 38 percent of openly LBG people experienced discrimination during the same time period
The success of a family can be measured by
how well they adapt to these challenges and transition into each stage of the family life cycle. While sociologists use this concept to study the dynamics of family over time, consumer and marketing researchers have also used it to determine what goods and services families need as the progress through each stage
Modernization theory
ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations
According to the American Psychological Association
individuals usually become aware of their sexual orientation between middle childhood and early adolescence
Marriage
is a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union
Hooking up
is a process that accepts and encourages casual sexual encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, which focuses on physical pleasure without necessarily including emotional bonding or long-term commitment
Domestic violence
is a significant social problem in the United States. It is often characterized as violence between household or family members, specifically spouses
A stereotype
is an oversimplified generalization that does not take individual differences into account
The notion of "doing gender"
is based on Symbolic Interaction Theory which suggests that whether we are expressing our masculinity or femininity, we are always "doing gender"
The term gender pay gap
is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers
Global inequality
is increasingly concentrated in the world's richest citizens
A minority group
is made up of people who are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group
Group size
is not a characteristic of being a minority group; women could therefore be considered a minority group in the U.S.
The social construction of race
is reflected in the way names for racial categories change with changing times and include only certain people
Culture and prejudice
is the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture
Courtship
is the traditional dating period before engagement and marriage
In the United States, the mutual respect required by pluralism is often missing in our racial and ethnic relationships
it is considered to be the deal where cultural differences may not necessarily be embedded but might be erased
The standard of living is a way to measure
level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class enabling it to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle and is
People of low social position are more _______ on economic issues and more ____________ on social issues
liberal; conservative
Cohabitation
living together before marriage, once frowned upon, is now almost a rite of passage, especially for the millennial generation
The United States lacks a history of nobility like Europe
many people in this country think of it as mostly middle-class
Rising education rates and income for women means
marriage is no longer and economic necessity
Sexual orientation
refers to a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female
Social stratification
stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power
Structural Functionalist theorists suggest that family members
take on status roles in a marriage or family, and both the family and its members perform certain tasks that facilitate the prosperity and development of society
Underlying indications of inequality may be socialized in boys and girls based on
tasks assigned to them at home or school, and by toys that are purchased for them to play with
The risk of divorce is greatest during
the first ten years of marriage
The focus of Social Conflict Theory would be on
the inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity
Neglect
the most common form of child abuse
Although nearly all of the people in the United States believe that families are made up of a combination of husband, wide, and children, is the most common type of family in the United States
the nuclear is not representative of 99.8 percent of U.S. families
From a Structural Functional Theorists point of view
the purpose of encouraging sexual activity in the confines of marriage is to intensify the confines of marriage is to intensify the bond between spouses and to ensure that procreation occurs within a stable, legally recognized relationship
Sex
the term that sociologists use in reference to a biological concept
Gender
the term that sociologists use in reference to a social concept
Unlike the Chinese, the Japanese has a strong government that negotiated with the U.S. government to ensure
the well-being of their immigrants. These men were able to bring their wives and families to the United States, and were thus able to produce second- and third-generation family members more quickly
People are said to experience social mobility when
they improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class
About half of all the people in the United Kingdom today consider themselves
to be in the working class
intergenerational mobility
upward or downward movement that takes place across generations within a family
Infants are often the victims of physical abuse, particularly in the form of
violent shaking
Alfred Kinsey
was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight
Andre Gunder Frank states that poor nations
were "underdeveloped," or made poor by rich nations
Individuals may be identified or may self-identify
with ethnic groups in complex, even contradictory, ways
If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations
you would have to travel to Africa and Asia
Herbert Spencer's view of capitalism
"Survival of the fittest" explanation
In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson was decided, stating that
"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional between whites and blacks in the South, this was an example of institutionalized segregation
The wealth of the average U.S. family
is about $81,000
Core nations, as well as the World Bank
choose which countries to make loans to, and for what purposes. This creates highly segmented labor markets that are built to benefit the dominant market countries
In 2015, there were 194
Independent Nations in the world
Because people often experience multiple layers of disadvantage as they experience race,
Intersection Theory suggests that we must also understand that prejudice can be layered prejudice, often encompassing more than one prejudice or stereotype at a time
Marx's view of capitalism
It reproduces the class structure--society operates in a way that carries class differences from one generation to the next
Asia
The global region in which the greatest reduction of poverty has taken place
American Indian (families)
Those that migrate from reservations to cities experience strong extended kinship, a fluid or changing household, starting to use kin terms for unrelated people who live together
Semiperiphery
Wallerstein's term for middle-income countries
Gender dysphoria
a condition listen in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"
Max Weber envisioned inequality in terms of
a multi-dimensional socioeconomic ranking
The heart of the controversy is not about whether sex education should be taught in school in the United States
but it is about the type of sex education that should be taught
Closed systems
accommodate little changes in social position. They do not allow people to shift levels and do not permit social relationship between levels
Open systems
are based on achievement, and allow movement and interaction between layers and classes
In the United States, both paternal and maternal ancestors
are considered part of one's family; such kinship is based on our lineage
51% of all poor families in the US
are headed by single women
Single parent households
are on the rise (27% in 2010)
The occupations women dominate
are similar to those they have done at home such as the domestic chores of childcare and teaching
Sexual orientation is typically divided into
at least four categories
Laws against discrimination
attempt to respond to problems with people's prejudice
Greatest concentration of poverty is found in
central cities (20% poverty)
Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles
continues in occupational tendencies later in life because men tend to outnumber women in professions such as law enforcement, the military, and politics
Restrictive immigration policies from the 1920s until 1965
curtailed all immigration, but Arab immigration since 1965 has been steady
Transgender
describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics other than their biological sex
The term "race"
is a social fiction
Poverty can become entrenched where the consequences
perpetuate further causes
Marriage and staying married
pushed social standing upward
Gender role
refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These are based on norms, or standards, created by society
A family of orientation
refers to the family into which a person is born
The modernization and dependency theories
represent two categories of theories to describe global stratification
Societies with class systems
retain some elements of caste (such as the inheritance of wealth) rather than trying to become complete meritocracies because a pure meritocracy would eliminate families and other social loyalties that tie a society together
Work generates social prestige; you would assume that occupational rankings are
roughly the same in all high-income nations
Global stratification may sometimes
simply be divided into two groups, based on how wealth is distributed among their populations. These categories are described as more developed and less developed
Meritocracy
social stratification based on personal merit
Close to 1 billion people
suffer from chronic hunger in the world (1.4 billion)