SOC1A Exam 2 Study Guide (Modules 5-8)

In past centuries, European nations

colonized countries in only Africa

Non-industrial countries, when compared with those who have embraced technology

have fallen behind; Underdeveloped countries that did not have access to Industrialization

Absolute poverty; a life-threatening

lack of resources

Horizontal mobility

moves from one occupation to another—same level

Although both single men and single women report social pressure to get married,

women are subject to greater scrutiny

Research has revealed that in societies which some consider to be matriarchies,

women comprise the dominant group. In these societies, women and men tend to work cooperatively rather than competitively, regardless of whether a job is considered feminine by U.S. standards

Lower-middle class

working class people

Low-income countries

Are the periphery by providing inexpensive labor and a market for industrial products. They are economically dependent on advanced nations and have very little industrialization

David-Moore thesis

More important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

intragenerational mobility

change in social position during a person's lifetime

Social mobility

change on position within the social hierarchy

Research at Stanford University suggests that people who self-identify as white

cite personal hardships to help maintain positive image of themselves and to continue enjoying white privilege

Global stratification

compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world

Absolute poverty

deprivation of resources that is life-threatening; A state of living where people lack even the basic necessities which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare

Ethnicity

describes shared culture, ancestry, nationality, or even religion

In Wallerstein's theory

dominant capitalism countries which are highly industrialized and urbanized are referred to as core countries

Researchers have found that the rate of intimate partner violence

doubles for women in low-income disadvantaged areas when compared to the incidence experienced by women who reside in affluent areas

In the US, the richest 20% of the population

earns more than 12 times as much as the poorest 20%

As the United States develops a postindustrial economy

economic inequality is increasing

Social stratification is necessary to promote

excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for

Extended family

extends beyond the core family, usually including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, usually who in one household or very nearby

Relative poverty

found everywhere; A state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society's average standard of living

The Immigration Act of 1924

further curtailed Chinese immigration. This Act included the race-based National Origins Act, which was aimed at keeping U.S. ethnic stock as undiluted as possible by reducing "undesirable" immigrants. It was not until after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 that Chinese immigration again increased, and many Chinese families were reunited

In the caste system, economies are

generally agrarian

Government-sponsored, formalized discrimination against African Americans

has been outlawed, therefore, true equity does not yet exist

During the last three decades, the real income of African American families in the United states

has changed very little

In the United States, children under 18

has the highest poverty rate

Cuban Americans, perhaps because of their relative wealth and education level at the time of immigration

have fared better than many immigrants. Further because they were fleeing a Communist country, were given refugee status and offered protection and social services by the U.S. government

Research presents evidence that

homosexuals and bisexuals are treated differently than heterosexuals in schools, the workplace, and the military. In 2011, for example, Sears an Mallory used data from the 2008 General Social Survey to show that 27 percent of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) respondents reported experiencing sexual orientation-based discrimination during the five years prior to the survey, and that 38 percent of openly LBG people experienced discrimination during the same time period

The success of a family can be measured by

how well they adapt to these challenges and transition into each stage of the family life cycle. While sociologists use this concept to study the dynamics of family over time, consumer and marketing researchers have also used it to determine what goods and services families need as the progress through each stage

Modernization theory

ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations

According to the American Psychological Association

individuals usually become aware of their sexual orientation between middle childhood and early adolescence

Marriage

is a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union

Hooking up

is a process that accepts and encourages casual sexual encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, which focuses on physical pleasure without necessarily including emotional bonding or long-term commitment

Domestic violence

is a significant social problem in the United States. It is often characterized as violence between household or family members, specifically spouses

A stereotype

is an oversimplified generalization that does not take individual differences into account

The notion of "doing gender"

is based on Symbolic Interaction Theory which suggests that whether we are expressing our masculinity or femininity, we are always "doing gender"

The term gender pay gap

is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers

Global inequality

is increasingly concentrated in the world's richest citizens

A minority group

is made up of people who are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group

Group size

is not a characteristic of being a minority group; women could therefore be considered a minority group in the U.S.

The social construction of race

is reflected in the way names for racial categories change with changing times and include only certain people

Culture and prejudice

is the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

Courtship

is the traditional dating period before engagement and marriage

In the United States, the mutual respect required by pluralism is often missing in our racial and ethnic relationships

it is considered to be the deal where cultural differences may not necessarily be embedded but might be erased

The standard of living is a way to measure

level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class enabling it to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle and is

People of low social position are more _______ on economic issues and more ____________ on social issues

liberal; conservative

Cohabitation

living together before marriage, once frowned upon, is now almost a rite of passage, especially for the millennial generation

The United States lacks a history of nobility like Europe

many people in this country think of it as mostly middle-class

Rising education rates and income for women means

marriage is no longer and economic necessity

Sexual orientation

refers to a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female

Social stratification

stratification refers to a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power

Structural Functionalist theorists suggest that family members

take on status roles in a marriage or family, and both the family and its members perform certain tasks that facilitate the prosperity and development of society

Underlying indications of inequality may be socialized in boys and girls based on

tasks assigned to them at home or school, and by toys that are purchased for them to play with

The risk of divorce is greatest during

the first ten years of marriage

The focus of Social Conflict Theory would be on

the inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity

Neglect

the most common form of child abuse

Although nearly all of the people in the United States believe that families are made up of a combination of husband, wide, and children, is the most common type of family in the United States

the nuclear is not representative of 99.8 percent of U.S. families

From a Structural Functional Theorists point of view

the purpose of encouraging sexual activity in the confines of marriage is to intensify the confines of marriage is to intensify the bond between spouses and to ensure that procreation occurs within a stable, legally recognized relationship

Sex

the term that sociologists use in reference to a biological concept

Gender

the term that sociologists use in reference to a social concept

Unlike the Chinese, the Japanese has a strong government that negotiated with the U.S. government to ensure

the well-being of their immigrants. These men were able to bring their wives and families to the United States, and were thus able to produce second- and third-generation family members more quickly

People are said to experience social mobility when

they improve or diminish their economic status in a way that affects social class

About half of all the people in the United Kingdom today consider themselves

to be in the working class

intergenerational mobility

upward or downward movement that takes place across generations within a family

Infants are often the victims of physical abuse, particularly in the form of

violent shaking

Alfred Kinsey

was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight

Andre Gunder Frank states that poor nations

were "underdeveloped," or made poor by rich nations

Individuals may be identified or may self-identify

with ethnic groups in complex, even contradictory, ways

If you wanted to visit the world's low-income nations

you would have to travel to Africa and Asia

Herbert Spencer's view of capitalism

"Survival of the fittest" explanation

In 1896 the Supreme Court case Plessy v. Ferguson was decided, stating that

"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional between whites and blacks in the South, this was an example of institutionalized segregation

The wealth of the average U.S. family

is about $81,000

Core nations, as well as the World Bank

choose which countries to make loans to, and for what purposes. This creates highly segmented labor markets that are built to benefit the dominant market countries

In 2015, there were 194

Independent Nations in the world

Because people often experience multiple layers of disadvantage as they experience race,

Intersection Theory suggests that we must also understand that prejudice can be layered prejudice, often encompassing more than one prejudice or stereotype at a time

Marx's view of capitalism

It reproduces the class structure--society operates in a way that carries class differences from one generation to the next

Asia

The global region in which the greatest reduction of poverty has taken place

American Indian (families)

Those that migrate from reservations to cities experience strong extended kinship, a fluid or changing household, starting to use kin terms for unrelated people who live together

Semiperiphery

Wallerstein's term for middle-income countries

Gender dysphoria

a condition listen in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

Max Weber envisioned inequality in terms of

a multi-dimensional socioeconomic ranking

The heart of the controversy is not about whether sex education should be taught in school in the United States

but it is about the type of sex education that should be taught

Closed systems

accommodate little changes in social position. They do not allow people to shift levels and do not permit social relationship between levels

Open systems

are based on achievement, and allow movement and interaction between layers and classes

In the United States, both paternal and maternal ancestors

are considered part of one's family; such kinship is based on our lineage

51% of all poor families in the US

are headed by single women

Single parent households

are on the rise (27% in 2010)

The occupations women dominate

are similar to those they have done at home such as the domestic chores of childcare and teaching

Sexual orientation is typically divided into

at least four categories

Laws against discrimination

attempt to respond to problems with people's prejudice

Greatest concentration of poverty is found in

central cities (20% poverty)

Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles

continues in occupational tendencies later in life because men tend to outnumber women in professions such as law enforcement, the military, and politics

Restrictive immigration policies from the 1920s until 1965

curtailed all immigration, but Arab immigration since 1965 has been steady

Transgender

describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics other than their biological sex

The term "race"

is a social fiction

Poverty can become entrenched where the consequences

perpetuate further causes

Marriage and staying married

pushed social standing upward

Gender role

refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These are based on norms, or standards, created by society

A family of orientation

refers to the family into which a person is born

The modernization and dependency theories

represent two categories of theories to describe global stratification

Societies with class systems

retain some elements of caste (such as the inheritance of wealth) rather than trying to become complete meritocracies because a pure meritocracy would eliminate families and other social loyalties that tie a society together

Work generates social prestige; you would assume that occupational rankings are

roughly the same in all high-income nations

Global stratification may sometimes

simply be divided into two groups, based on how wealth is distributed among their populations. These categories are described as more developed and less developed

Meritocracy

social stratification based on personal merit

Close to 1 billion people

suffer from chronic hunger in the world (1.4 billion)