SOCI 110 Final Exam Review
Disputes
...
Musical Fusions
...
Social movement
...
The commons
...
Twin Epidemics
...
Types of Food Subsidies
Agricultural subsidies: 1. Direct payments (cash subsidies for produc- ers of 10 crops: wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, cotton, rice, soybeans, minor oilseeds, and peanuts) 2. Marketing loans (rice support program that began in the New Deal era. The program encourages overpro- duction by setting a price floor for crops and by reducing the price variability that would otherwise face producers in the free market. The marketing loan program covers the same crops as the direct subsidy program. In addition, the 2002 farm law expanded it to cover wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, and chickpeas.) 3. Countercyclical payments (This program covers the same 10 commodities as the direct payments program, and the 2008 farm bill added dry peas, lentils, and chickpeas. Like the marketing loan program, the countercyclical program stimulates excess farm production) 4. Conversation subsidies (Farmers are paid on a per-acre basis not to grow crops. About one-third of land idled under the CRP is owned by retired farmers, so one does not even have to be a working farmer to get these subsidies) 5. Insurance ( available to farmers to protect against adverse weather, pests, and low market prices. The government provides large subsidies for insurance premiums, such that farmers pay only about one- third the full cost of their policies) 6. Disaster aid (Congress frequently jumps in to declare ''disasters'' whenever the slightest adverse event occurs, and often distributes special payments to farmers regardless of whether they sustained substantial damage) 7. Export subsidies (Aid farmers and food companies with their foreign sales. The Market Access Program hands out about $140 million annually to producers in support of activities such as advertising campaigns) 8. Agricultural research & statistics (The USDA spends about $3 billion annually on agricultural research, statistical information services, and economic studies) (object.cato.org)
Biopiracy
Bioprospecting: is the process of discovery and commercialization of new products based on biological resources (en.wikipedia.org) ______________: bioprospecting that exploits plant and animal species by claiming patents to restrict their general use (google.com)
Food Co-ops
Co-op: A co-operative can be used to accomplish almost any purpose: to fulfill a need, obtain a product or service, produce a product or service, or secure employment. What makes a co-op unique is that it is owned and democratically governed by its members, the people who use its products or services, or are employed by the business (nfca.coop) Co-op: A co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise (nfca.coop) ______________: a food distribution outlet organized as a cooperative. Food cooperatives are usually consumers' cooperatives where the decisions regarding the production and distribution of its food is chosen by its members. Food cooperatives follow the 7 Cooperative Principles and typically offer natural foods. Since decisions about how to run a cooperative are not made by outside shareholders, cooperatives often exhibit a higher degree of social responsibility than their corporate analogues (en.wikipedia.org)
Water Ethics
Ethics: dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of actions and the goodness and badness of motives and ends Application: • water supply/availability of water • uses of water: personal/agricultural • privatization of water: human right or commodity • contamination of water • water management/sanitation • border disputes and water rights • technological advances and cultural resiliency (Module III, Water Rights PPT)
Exponential Population Growth
Exponential growth: growth that increases at a consistent rate, and it is a common occurrence in everyday life. In this lesson, learn about exponential growth and some of its real-world applications (study.com)
Social Movement
Globalization from above: a process that is created and controlled by centralized and powerful actors, such as wealthy elites or MNCs (especially in the North), and imposed on broader society (Ritzer) Globalization from above: supporters control most of the world's governments. They control the global corporations and most of the world's wealth. They have a grip on the minds of people all over the world. It seems inconceivable that they can be effectively challenged (Eitzen) Globalization from below: takes the form of marginalized groups and social movements that struggle to make globalization benefit more people and for global processes to be more democratic (Ritzer) ______________: The fact that people develop common aspirations doesn't mean that they can realize them. Why are social movements able to change society? The power of existing social relations is based on the active cooperation of some people and the consent and/or acquiescence of theories. It is the activity of people-going to work, paying taxes, buying products, obeying government officials, staying off private property-that continually re-creates the power of the powerful (Eitzen)
Globalization of Nothing
Globalization: is a transplanter process or set of processes involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite, those flows (Ritzer) ______________: almost unstoppable - provocative perspective in the ongoing and voluminous globalization discourse - For Ritzer, globalization typically leads to consumption of vast quantities of serial social forms that have been centrally conceived and controlled -one McDonald's hamburger, i.e., one instance of nothing again and again- dominates social life (en.wikipedia.org)
Food Soverignty
International non-governmental organizations (NGOs): influential players within food and farming sectors, especially in the developing world. La Via Campensina is an organization founded at a meeting in Belgium in 1993, which advocates action on behalf of small farmers against globalized agribusiness. Via Campesino comprises about 150 local and national organizations in 70 countries, and it champions an agrarian vision of local control that it calls "food sovereignty" (Paarlberg) ______________: food Sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems (foodsecurecanada.org)
Types of Media Bias
Media imperialism: is the theory that Western (especially US) media, and the technologies associated with it, dominate less developed nations and their cultures (Ritzer) Media Bias: occurs when a media outlet reports a news story in a partial or prejudiced manner - commission & selection (media leaves out one side of a story, or one aspect of a story), story selection & placement (a pattern of reporting news stories that coincide with a specific agenda), labeling & spin (news outlet uses critical labels to identify politicians or groups or fails to label biassed points of view) (study.com)
Organic, conventional, local food
Organic: defines how the ingredients were created, prepared, or raised. There are no genetically modified ingredients, no chemicals were used to kill bugs and weeds, all pesticides are natural (not synthetic), nothing was fertilized with sewage sledge, nothing was exposed to radiation, no industrial solvents were used to clean, no chemical food additives, no routine use of chemicals or antibiotics given to animals. Organic does not necessarily mean that the ingredients are nutritious (youtube.com) Conventional: Studies (2009,2010) show that there is no difference in most of the nutrients in organic and conventional foods (youtube.com) Local: Organic certification faces 3 major challenges - (1) many areas lack local distribution systems to connect interested farmers with consumers (2) farmers lack adequate guidance and support to "go organic" (3) suspicion of federal bureaucracy (youtube.com)
Relative Deprivation Theory
Relative deprivation: lack of resources to sustain the diet, lifestyle, activities and amenities that an individual or group are accustomed to or that are widely encouraged or approved in the society to which they belong (en.wikipedia.org) ______________: a view of social change and movements, according to which people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth) that others possess and which they believe they should have, too (chegg.com)
Transnational Solidarity
Transnationalism: involves processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geo-political borders Transnationality: is the rise of new communities and formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation-states Solidarity: unity or agreement of feeling or action, especially among individuals with a common interest; mutual support within a group ______________: Fair trade as a movement, commercialization and demand for improved production conditions, trade justice movement, etc.
Transnational Corporations
Transnationalism: involves processes that interconnect individuals and social groups across specific geo-political borders (Ritzer) Transnationality: is the rise of new communities and formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of nation-states (Ritzer) ______________: incorporated or unincorporated enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign affiliates (unctad.org)
Examples of International River Disputes
Water rights: the right to make use of the water from a stream, lake, or irrigation canal Prior appropriation rights: water rights are determined by priority of beneficial use. This means that the first person to use water or divert water for a beneficial use or purpose can acquire individual rights to the water Riparian water rights: landowners use water as it passes through property - rights can't be sold or transferred out of water shed. The riparian right is usufructuary, meaning that the landowner does not own the water itself but instead enjoys a right to use the water and its surface Hybrid water rights: a combination of appropriation and riparian (Module III Water Rights PPT) International river disputes: Colorado, Jordan, the Nile Colorado: in 1884, the International Boundary and Water Commission was founded between Mexico and the United States as an entity to, among other things, oversee the flow of water from the United States to Mexico.[1] The IBaWC negotiated the 1944 United States-Mexico Treaty for Utilization of Water of the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Tijuana rivers and allotted to Mexico a guaranteed annual quantity of water from these sources.[2] However the treaty did not define the quality of the water. This became a problem with rapid development in the southern United States in the late 1950s, when the United States began diverting significant amounts of water from the Colorado River for the newly developed areas. Mexico protested and entered into negotiations with the United States. In 1974 an international agreement resulted in interpreting the 1944 treaty as guaranteeing Mexico the same quality of water as that being used in the United States Jordan: water politics in the Jordan River basin are the political issues of water within the Jordan River drainage basin, including competing claims and water usage, and issues of riparian rights of surface water along transnational rivers, as well as the availability and usage of ground water. Water resources in the region are scarce, and these issues directly affect the five political subdivisions (Israel, the West Bank, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan) located within and bordering the basin, which were created since the collapse, during World War I, of the former single controlling entity, the Ottoman Empire. The basin and its water are central issues of both the Arab-Israeli Conflict and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict The Nile: the Nile river is subject to political interactions. It is the world's longest river flowing 6,700 kilometers through ten countries in northeastern Africa — Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, South Sudan, Sudan and Egypt with varying climates. Some claim that Ancient Egypt has a natural historical right on the Nile River, and principles of its acquired rights have been a focal point of negotiations with upstream states. The fact that this right exists means that any perceived reduction of the Nile water supply to Egypt is tampering with its national security and thus could trigger potential conflict. Sudan also has hydraulic potential and has created four dams in the last century. This has resulted in the development so far of 18,000 km² of irrigated land, making Sudan the second most extensive user of the Nile, after Egypt.
GMOs
______________: "genetically modified organisms" are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering, or GE. This relatively new science creates unstable combinations of plant, animal, bacteria and viral genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods (nongmoproject.org)
CSAs
______________: (Community Supported Agriculture) when industrial-scale operations began taking over organic farming in the United States, advocates looking for alternatives began to demand something more: local food, purchased directly from growers at farmers' markets, community gardens, co-ops, or through community-supported agriculture (CSA) subscriptions. It became clear that significant numbers of consumers were willing to pay more for locally grown food, so farmers' markets and local CSAs began to proliferate.
Vandana Shiva
______________: Indian scholar, environmental activist and anti-globalization author, and a figure of the global solidarity movement known as the alter-globalization movement. She has argued for the wisdom of many traditional practices (en.wikipedia.org)
Reasons movements fail
______________: Schism (turn into warring factions who antagonisms are focused primarily on each other), repression (by legal and extralegal repression), fading out (constant frustration may simply lead to discouragement and withdrawal), leadership domination (leaders establish a tyrannical control over members), isolation (become irrelevant to the experience and concerns of those who are not already members), cooptation (comes under control of sections of the elite), leadership sell-out (leaders can be bought), sectarian disruption (fall prey to sects that attempt to either capture or to destroy them) (Eitzen)
Food Deserts
______________: Some modern city dwellers live in "food desserts," where there is a shortage of supermarkets selling fresh fruits and vegetables. Residents have no choice but to each at fast food restaurants, or to purchase energy-dense packaged and processed foods from corner convenience stores (Paarlberg) Statistically, a convincing link between limited access to supermarkets and obesity has been difficult to establish. Research suggests that the most powerful link may not be low access to supermarkets, but high access to fast food and corner stores (Paarlberg)
Shopping the periphery
______________: Technique that marketers use to manipulate the shopping experience; encourages shoppers to purchase goods that they wouldn't normally purchase
Theador Adorno
______________: a German philosopher, sociologist, and composer known for his critical theory of society (en.wikipeida.org) his fundamental concern was human suffering—especially modern societies' effects upon the human condition (iep.utm.edu)
Agroforestry
______________: a land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland. It combines shrubs and trees I agural and forestry technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy, and sustainable land-use systems.
Permaculture Farming
______________: a system of agricultural and social design principles centered around simulating or directly utilizing the patterns and features observed in natural ecosystems.It has many branches that include but are not limited to ecological design, ecological engineering, environmental design, construction and integrated water resources management that develops sustainable architecture, regenerative and self-maintained habitat and agricultural systems modeled from natural ecosystems (en.wikipedia.org)
Rational Choice Theory
______________: also known as choice theory or rational action theory, is a framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior (en.wikipedia.org)
Disposable Communities
______________: although the bleaching of American cities of their color and character has been the subject of urban critics, the actual prosaicness of the cities according to George Ritzer has intensified through McDonaldization. Ritzer posits that modern cities lose most of their singularity through the displacement of locally significant retail enterprises with mass-market chain and franchises (books.google.com)
Norman Borlaug
______________: an American biologist, humanitarian and Nobel laureate who has been called "the father of the Green Revolution." During the mid-20th century, Borlaug led the introduction of these high-yielding varieties combined with modern agricultural production techniques to Mexico, Pakistan, and India. Later in his life, he helped applying these methods of increasing food production in Asia and Africa (en.wikipedia.org)
Garrett Hardin
______________: an American ecologist who warned of the dangers of overpopulation. His exposition of the tragedy of the commons, in a famous 1968 paper in Science, called attention to "the damage that innocent actions by individuals can inflict on the environment" Tragedy of the Commons: problem of open access resources - individual incentive invites overall ruin (cows grazing on pasture example) Solution: private ownership (decision maker bears the direct cost of their actions) or government ownership - suggests that people are helpless
Elinor Ostrom
______________: an American political economist[1][2][3] whose work was associated with the New Institutional Economics and the resurgence of political economy.[4] In 2009, she shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Oliver E. Williamson for "her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" (en.wikipedia.org)
Samuel Huntington
______________: an influential American conservative political scientist, adviser and academic. He is most well known by his 1993 theory, "The Clash of Civilizations", of a post-Cold War new world order. He argued that future wars would be fought not between countries, but between cultures, and that Islamic extremism would become the biggest threat to Western world domination (en.wikipedia.org)
Mohammad Bouazizi
______________: as a Tunisian street vendor who set himself on fire on 17 December 2010, in protest of the confiscation of his wares and the harassment and humiliation that he reported was inflicted on him by a municipal official and her aides. His act became a catalyst for the Tunisian Revolution[2] and the wider Arab Spring, inciting demonstrations and riots throughout Tunisia in protest of social and political issues in the country. (en.wikipedia.org)
Examples of Movements (throughout semester)
______________: civil rights movement, disability rights movement, environmental movements, labor movements, occupy wall street (grew largely in response to deepening national and world-wide growth in income inequality), women's movements, Arab Spring (democratic wave of civil unrest in the Arab world) (Module III, Making a Change PPT)
Appadurai's 5 Scapes
______________: five factors that contribute to the global exchange of ideas and information The first three scapes, ethnoscape, technoscape, and finanscape, are all closely intertwined and shift in relation to each other, never alone. Ethnoscape refers to the migration of people across cultures and borders, presenting the world and its many communities as fluid and mobile instead of static. Technoscapes bring about new types on cultural interactions and exchanges through the power of technology, which can now happen at unprecedented speeds. Technology, of course, is very close tied with the economy, which is constantly in flux and, despite our best efforts to manipulate, is wildly unpredictable (finanscapes). The other two -scapes, mediascapes and ideoscapes, deal with the national and international creation and dissemination of information and images. Mediascapes can be understood as the many media outlets (television, radio, newspaper, etc) that shape the "imagined world" we inhabit, where narratives and images are often the only way one forms an opinion about a place or culture. Ideoscapes centers on the ideologies of a government and those that oppose it and is highly dependent on the context of the spectator (amherst.edu)
Convergence
______________: has its roots in the functionalist perspective, which assumes that societies have certain requirements that must be met if they are to survive and operate effectively. Convergence theory states that as societies become increasingly industrialized, they begin to resemble other industrialized societies. That is, they converge towards other forms of social organization (sociology.about.com)
Groceteria
______________: history of grocery store chains • Prior to the Turn of the Century (Market to Market) • The Groceteria (Self-Service Concept): Piggly Wiggly, TN in 1916 (non perishables) • Chain Stores of the 1920's • Drive-in Markets (Bazaar style) to Super Markets of the 1930s and 40s (larger chains with meat and produce) • Shopping Centers and the Burbs-1950s and 60s • Discount and Warehouse "Box" Stores in the 1970s-Discount idea took shape but stores weren't very successful... A few survived (Fred Myer on West coast) • Upscale Stores, Warehouses and Mergers 1980s and 1990s- Supercenters aka "Hypermarkets" (Walmart, Kmart, Costco) as well as grocery stores merging and high-end stores (i.e. WholeFoods, Sprouts) forming. • Growth of Farmer's Markets, CSA's and Coops in the 2000s. (Module III, Shopping for Food PPT)
Seed patenting
______________: in most countries, especially developing countries, national laws do not allow patent claims on seeds (Paarlberg) Patens on GMO seeds: The fear that corporations will use patents on GMO sees to gain excessive control is an exaggeration. This risk does not apply in most developing countries, because intellectual property laws in those countries do not permit the patenting of seeds. In countries that do permit seed patents, such as the U.S. and Canada, biotechnology companies like Monsanto will indeed go to court to defend their patent rights, and this creates something new for farmers to deal with (Paarlberg)
Cultural Imperialism
______________: indicates that one or more cultures impose themselves, more or less consciously, on other cultures thereby destroying local culture, in whole, or in part
Thomas Malthus
______________: interested in everything about populations - highlights relationship between food supply and population - humans do not overpopulate to the point of starvation, he contended, only because people change their behavior in the face of economic incentives - while food production tends to increase arithmetically, population tends to increase naturally at a (faster) geometric rate (econlib.org)
Cultural Differentialsim
______________: involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make cultures more alike; cultures tend to remain stubbornly different from one another (Ritzer)
Hyper consumption/hyper debt
______________: involves buying more than one can afford (Ritzer) ______________: involves owing more than one will be able to pay back (Ritzer)
Leapfrogging
______________: involves developing nations bypassing earlier technologies, enabling those nations to adopt more advanced technologies (Ritzer)
Outsourcing
______________: involves the transfer of activities once performed by an entity to a business (or businesses) in exchange for money
Fair Trade
______________: is defined as a concern for the social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers (Ritzer)
Cultural Hybridity
______________: is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and the local leading to unique combinations
McDonaldization
______________: is the process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society, as well as the rest of the world (Ritzer)
Cultural Convergence
______________: is when cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and grow more alike
Land Grabs
______________: land investments in agricultural production worldwide, including the purchase or rental of underutilized farmland. Local farming or herding populations currently on the land will be uncompensated for any resulting disruption or destruction of their livelihood. In most cases it was not foreigners grabbing land directly from African farmers; it was African governments and government officials grabbing the land from their own citizens, then making a profit by selling or leasing it to foreigners. When the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) studied these issues in 2012, it observed that despite many wild claims about land grabs in Africa, there were very little reliable data. Second, it saw that in many cases domestic investors had acquired more land than foreigners (Paarlberg)
Social movement categories
______________: loosely organized but sustained campaign in support of a social goal, typically either the implementation or the prevention of a change in society's structure or values. Although social movements differ in size, they are all essentially collective. That is, they result from the more or less spontaneous coming together of people whose relationships are not defined by rules and procedures but who merely share a common outlook on society (Module III, Making a Change PPT) Types of movements (to promote or resist change): Reform/Revolutionary/Revivalist/Resistance/ Utopian Sociology and social movement categories: Mass Society Theory (people who are socially isolated are especially vulnerable to the appeals of extremist movements), Relative Deprivation Theory (people take action for social change in order to acquire something (for example, opportunities, status, or wealth) that others possess and which they believe they should have, too), Resource Mobilization Theory (stresses the ability of a movement's members to 1) acquire resources and to 2) mobilize people towards accomplishing the movement's goals), Rationale Choice Theory (framework for understanding and often formally modeling social and economic behavior)
Resource Mobilization
______________: major sociological theory in the study of social movements which emerged in the 1970s. It stresses the ability of a movement's members to 1) acquire resources and to 2) mobilize people towards accomplishing the movement's goals (en.wikipedia.org)
Oscar Olivera
______________: one of the main leaders of the protesters against the water privatization in Bolivia. The result of these protests was an event known as the Cochabamba Water Wars. Now he is one of the main leaders of the protests in the Bolivian gas conflict (en.wikipedia.org)
Food Aid
______________: providing food and related assistance to tackle hunger, either in emergency situations, or to help with deeper, longer term hunger alleviation and achieve food security (globalissues.org) ______________ today moves less through bilateral government-to-government channels and more through the UN World Food Programme. Even as a subsidy to domestic farmers, food aid has limited benefit today because food aid shipments are now so small relative to commercial agricultural exports and total sales. There are some examples of food aid altering the behavior of consumers and food producers in recipient countries where large deliveries accelerate local shifts in consumer demand (Paarlberg)
Arab Spring
______________: refers to the democratic uprisings that arose independently and spread across the Arab world in 2011. The movement originated in Tunisia in December 2010 and quickly took hold in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, and Jordan. (en.wikipedia.org) ______________ was a failure only if one expected that decades of authoritarian regimes could be easily reversed and replaced with stable democratic systems across the region. But rather than a single event, it's probably more useful to define the 2011 uprisings as a catalyst for long-term change whose final outcome is yet to be seen (middleeast.about.com)
Monocultures
______________: the agricultural practice of producing or growing a single crop, plant, or livestock species, variety, or breed in a field or farming system at a time. Polyculture, where more than one crop is grown in the same space at the same time, is the alternative to monoculture
Pop culture
______________: we are witnessing the rise of an increasingly homogenized popular culture - the spread of American popular culture seems to be unstoppable - cultural globalization generates more sameness, but they consider this outcome to be a good thing... equating the Americanization of the world with the expansion of democracy and free markets (Eitzen) Cultural hybridization: is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and the local leading to unique combinations (Ritzer) Cultural imperialism: indicates that one more or more cultures impose themselves, more or less consciously, on other cultures thereby destroying local culture, in whole, or in part (Ritzer)