SOCI 111 CH 6 review quiz

(Q026) How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? Street crime costs society more, but white-collar crime is more prevalent. Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact. Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent. Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime.

Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact.

(Q003) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's stigma. secondary deviance. class solidarity. organic solidarity.

stigma.

(Q012) Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of secondary deviance. strain. anomie. stigma.

stigma.

(Q009) A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way of proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of means-ends theory of deviance. symbolic interactionism. functionalist theory. social control.

symbolic interactionism.

(Q023) One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a more equal percentage of races in prison. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. a more efficient prison system. the development of a rehabilitative approach to criminal justice.

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

(Q011) Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high-school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of primary deviance. public indecency. secondary deviance. lewd and lascivious behavior.

secondary deviance.

(Q006) Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of formal social sanction. informal social sanction. expression of mechanical solidarity. violation of the collective conscience.

informal social sanction.

(Q016) The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance, and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor, and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? Definitions of crimes change over time. Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. Federal and state laws often contradict each other.

Definitions of crimes change over time.

(Q008) Joey grew up in an impoverished rural community in the Appalachian Mountains with a high joblessness rate. He learned early on that to be successful meant achieving financial wealth, but without any hope of landing a lucrative career in his hometown, he turned to selling stolen opioid painkillers and became relatively wealthy. According to Merton's strain theory, Joey is a(n) rebel. white-collar criminal. anomic. innovator.

innovator.

(Q021) The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? Foucault's panopticon Goffman's total institution Merton's strain theory Durkheim's anomie

Foucault's panopticon

(Q010) Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance? labeling theory strain theory reflection theory role theory

labeling theory

(Q019) Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. an attempt to control and suppress deviant behavior. life in a total institution. an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals.

life in a total institution.

(Q004) According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals. People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well.

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

(Q005) What is the collective conscience? a set of norms by which members of society abide the legal system a measure of how well people relate to each other the dominant religion of a society

a set of norms by which members of society abide

(Q025) Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? fatalistic egoistic altruistic anomic

anomic

(Q007) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called anomie. high social integration. excessive social regulation. social cohesion.

anomie.

(Q024) This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are Hispanic. black. women. white.

black.

(Q013) There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory. differential opportunity broken windows labeling strain

broken windows

Q002) Definitions of deviant behavior tend to change over time and vary from one context to another. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. be defined by a few elite members of society. be copied from one society to another.

change over time and vary from one context to another.

(Q015) The US surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime. environmental street corporate white-collar

corporate

(Q001) What is an example of informal deviance? vandalizing a sculpture in a public park cutting in line at the cafeteria cheating on a sociology exam in college driving while under the influence of marijuana

cutting in line at the cafeteria

(Q017) To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on Foucault's theory of discipline. deterrence theory. differential opportunity theory. labeling theory.

deterrence theory.

(Q014) Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? crime rates and penal codes formal and informal social sanctions economic opportunities and crime rates recidivism and rehabilitative justice

economic opportunities and crime rates

(Q018) Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? strain theory primary deviance general deterrence recidivism

recidivism

(Q020) In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system discriminates against children and women. unfairly incarcerates racial and ethnic minorities. represents a transformation in social control. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.

represents a transformation in social control.

(Q022) Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have steadily decreased. cycled through various highs and lows. remained steady. risen dramatically.

risen dramatically.