SOCI 205 Exam 2

Abstract liberalism

- "abstract and decontextualizes" themes from political and economic liberalism, such as meritocracy and the free market, to argue against the strong presences of racism - neoliberalism - seen as arguing against affirmative action

White privilege

- Benefits bestowed on white people because of racial hierarchy - not have to think about race in day to day life

Laws

- Codified: written down - Violating norm = deviant - Violating Law = Crime - Can commit one or both

Values

- Desirable, good, and important - USA: children, hard work

Beliefs

- Don't have to be objectively true - All values = beliefs - not all beliefs = values

Taboo

- Extreme disgust from society - Incest, cannibalism, ... ect.

Ethnocentrism Example

- Foot bonding - Female genitalia mutilation - US: circumcision

Family

- Most important agent of socialization - Learn to be a person in all societies (long lasting)

Racial Formation Theory

- Omi and Wanant (1994) - race essence or illusion? - "Although the concept of race invokes biological based on human characteristics", which feature and which race they correspond to are a social process

Material

- Physical objects that are created, embraced, or consumed by society that help shape peoples lives - TV, games, social media, clothes, houses

Law

- Right vs Illegal - Codified rule understood by majority of the group - Strongest "norm" because there are official sanctions - Can be "weird but harmless" or " criminal"

Folkways

- Right vs Rude - Everyday norms that do not generate much uproar if they are violated

Mores

- Right vs Wrong - "moral" norms that may generate more outrage if broken

Locations of genocide

- Rwanda - Armenia - Bosnia - Guatemala - Cambodia - Ukraine - China

Folkways

- Stem from and organize conversation, repetition, and routine

Status

- a position in society that comes with a set of expectations - formal/informal, multiple at once, changes, stable

Total institutions

- all aspects of life are conducted in the same place - in the company of a group of others - with tightly scheduled activities that are closely supervised and monitored - examples: Prisons, jails, and mental hospitals

Discrimination

- an action or behavior that results in the unique treatment of individuals based on their membership in a certain group - action

Prejudice

- an inflexible attitude about a particular group of people that is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes - Thought process - usually negative but can be positive - can be from dominant group or minorities

CRT scholars viewpoints

- argues that racism is woven into social structure of America - law has historically been used to covertly or overtly subjugate people of color - law is not neutral or objective - challenge idea of white supremacy and white normalness - provides understanding to the experiences of people of color under this legal system - aims to improve laws based on experiences of discrimination and victimization

Color blindness

- assertion that one "does not see color" and views everyone as equal - prevents us from seeing the effects of historical racial discrimination and how racial inequality persists in society - we do not live in a post-racial society

Meritocracy

- best person will get the position - anyone can achieve anything they want to

Ethnicity

- characteristics of groups associated with national origins, languages, culture, and religious practices - self identification

Total institutions

- cut people off from society, from what they know - suppress previous identities and form a new regulated disciplined identity - work/play with some people at same place - difficult adjustment to go to and from

naturalization

- explains racial inequality as naturally occurring process - residential and school segregation - say its natural for people to live around same people - ignores other factors - attitudes of home sellers, realtors, and bankers - red lining

Minorities

- less powerful groups who are dominated politically and economically by a more powerful group - not about # of people but the amount of power

Mores

- moral and ethical behavior - greater coercive force in shaping our values, beliefs, and behaviors - usually stem from religious doctrine

Peers (socialization)

- more time with these than anyone else - increase influence of these - most important for older children and adults

Role Strain

- occurs when roles associated with a single status clash - role: student - party v study

Role Conflict

- occurs when the roles associated with one status clash with the roles associated with another status - example: mother, student

Embodied Status

- one that is located in our physical selves - good looking, tall, fat, ... (features)

Master Status

- one that seams to override all others and affects all other statuses that we possess - "that black guy..", "that stupid kid.." - thing someone says first to describe a person

Achieved Status

- one that we have earned through our individual effort or that is imposed by others - doctor, president, felon, sober, addict

Ascribed Status

- one we are born with that is unlikely to change - gender, race

Civil Inattention

- politely ignore others in public - example of a folkway

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

- posits that our understandings and actions emerge from language - The words and concepts of our own languages structure our perception of the world

Critical Race Theory

- questioning the normative and status quo - examining societal responses from the perspective of these with less power - legal framework - systemic racism

Cultural Racism

- relies on argument that attribute racial inequality to a groups culture - biologization of culture: making culture biological - explains difference saying its culture not race - minorities have lower graduation rates and lower access to education that whites

Role exit

- role conflict or strain can lead to this - bow out from a role

Functionalist perspective on racism

- sees any kind of persistent social phenomenon through the lens of its contributions to social stability - focuses on the ways in which race creates social ties and strengthens group bonds - Durkheim believed that societies held together by mechanical solidarity , which is based in homogeneity, are more culturally durable - harder from this perspective as it can't be considered positively functional for a society as it marginalizes some members of the group - I can be positively functional for some groups while being detrimental to others - helps us understand how prejudice is formed

Race

- socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people - socially defined, not exclusively physical - religion a divider for this

Conflict Perspective on racism

- society consists of conflicting interests, but only some groups have the power and resources to realize their interests - some groups benefit from the social order at the expense of other groups

Racism from Symbolic Interactionalist Perspective

- sociologists view race as socially constructed, not biological category - This can be confusing, as race is often based on skin color and biological traits

Minimization

- suggests that racism just doesn't really matter that much anymore and that discrimination is no longer a serious problem

Genocide

- the deliberate extermination of a group because of its race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality - crime against humanity - term coined after the holocaust

Socialization

- the process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group - always learning and relearning - language facilitates this - little of our behavior is "natural", because of feral children -learned from language we use to communicate

Resocialization

- the process of replacing previously learned norms and values with new ones as a part of a tradition in life - adults are not completely socialized, changes in life circumstances result in learning new behaviors

Hidden curriculum

- values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling - good, mutual, or bad

Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

- wrote book on colorblindness - taught at TAMU - explains why it doesn't work

White Supremacy

-Racial hierarchy with whiteness on top - whites should be at top

Language

A symbolic system composed of verbal, nonverbal, and writing representations that are vehicles for conveying meaning

Cultural Relativism (Cultural Perspective)

A world view whereby we understand practices of another society sociologically, in terms of that society's norms and values, not our own

Ethnocentrism (Cultural Perspective)

A worldwide view whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own and regard our own way of life as normal and/or better than others

Values

Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles, such as those governing notions of right and wrong

Nonmaterial

Abstract creations of human culture including ideas about behavior, language, and social practices

Norms

Accepted social behaviors and beliefs

?

According to Calling the Shots: Why Parents Reject Vaccines, which of the following groups of children fall into the unvaccinated category? - Children who have a younger mother - Children of color with unmarried parents - Children who live near the poverty line - White children with college-educated parents - White Children of single mothers

the set of norms that govern interactions in public spaces in poor, inner-city African-American neighborhoods

According to Elijah Anderson in The Code of the Streets, the code of the streets is ______. - the informal rules that police use in minority neighborhoods to justify questioning residents - the informal rules used by children to negotiate how games played in and along roads should be started and stopped - the set of norms that dictate how Black Americans interact with police due to their mistrust and fear of law enforcement - the norms of interaction in Saudi Arabia that shape how men and women can interact on public transportation - the set of norms that govern interactions in public spaces in poor, inner-city African-American neighborhoods

All of the above

Critical race theory argues which of the following? - The law is not neutral or objective - The law has historical gate people of color - The normative standard of white experience must be challenged - All of the above - None of the above

Beliefs

Ideas a society holds to be true, Based on faith, superstition, science, tradition, or experience

?

In the article American Hookup, Lisa Wade says that students believe that hookups should not be seen as meaningful and take steps to ensure that hookups are not viewed in this light. Which strategy does Wade say students use to make sure the hookup is seen as meaninglessness? - Claim to be drunk - Tell friends the details of your hookup - Try to stay close friends with the person you hooked up with - Never hold yourself to a cap/limit on your hookups - All of the above

Overt examples

Indian removal acts, slavery, Chinese exclusion act, 3/5s compromise

role conflict

One morning, James must decide between being on time for work and helping his child with a homework assignment. What is James experiencing? - role strain - role conflict - role-taking emotions - status conflict - resocialization

Emic Perspective

Perspective of the insider belonging to the cultural group in question

Taboos

Powerful mores the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable or unspeakable within a particular culture

Religion (socialization)

Rules

White Nationalism

The belief that the nation should reflect a white identity

deviance is breaking the norm while crime is breaking the law

The difference between crime and deviance is... - all deviance is criminal but not all crime is deviant - deviance is breaking the norm while crime is breaking the law - deviance is breaking the law while crime is breaking norms - crime and deviance are the same thing - all crime is deviant but not all deviance is crime

Etic Perspective

The perspective of the outside observer

None of the above

Which of the following is an example of material culture? - Norms - Values - Language - All of the above - None of the Above

Internalized racism

________ occur(s) when minority group members are prejudiced against themselves or their own group. - Internalized discrimination - Microaggressions - Individual discrimination - Internalized racism - Color-blind racism

Colorblind Racism

belief that racism is no longer a problem and that we all have equal opportunities

Culture

beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to members of a particular group

Phenotypes

biological expressions, nose type, eye type

Feral Child

children who have had little human contact and may live in isolation from a young age - example: mowgli

Raphael Lemkin

coined the term genocide

Media (socialization)

controversial method of socialization

Nature vs Nurture

debate over the relative influence of genetic influence and socialization

Racism

idea that one racial ethnic group is inherently superior to another

Internalized racism

possible for minorities to feel prejudice against their own group

Hedgimony

reinforce status quo, who has power

Agents of socialization

social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which the socialized take place - example: families, schools, religion, peers, media

Roles

the set of behaviors expected from a particular status

Covert examples

war on drugs, unemployment insurance (1935) - ag and domestic workers don't get it - excluded up to 80% of black people