Social Movements Midterm

emergence (social ferment stage)

-1st stage of movement activism potential movement participants are unhappy & there is widespread discontent -little/no organization around the issue/of participants -activists raise awareness and develop sense of discontent among general population

coalescence

-2nd stage of movement activism -more clearly defined sense of discontent -leadership emerges & strategies for success are worked out -stage when movement becomes organized/strategic -no longer random upset individuals

examples of framing

-Black Lives Matter/all lives matter -> framing of the phrase creates emotions for people & attachments to different movements -Dolores Huerta "Si se puede!" (yes we can) for labor movement -Harvey Milk pins/posters create image for the movement he supports

examples of resource mobilization

-CRM utilizing its members to create large-scale marches & sit-ins -Milk utilizing members to march & vote for him/against Prop.6 -Dolores Huerta & Chavez organized farmworkers in CA to establish UFW

examples of collective identity:

-Harvey Milk's camera shop -black churches in the civil rights movement -GSA groups in high schools -AIDS quilt gathering in Washington D.C

examples of network ties

-LGBTQ ties built through LGBTQ bars and clubs, college groups, and nonprofits -CRM ties built through black churches -Labor Movement ties through farming community & their neighbors

examples of organization:

-SCLC - Southern Christian Leadership Conference (CRM) -Harvey Milk's campaign & it's organizers -United Farmworker's union -NAACP (CRM) -PETA

external resources

-allies -constituents -potential members -media coverage

Milk tactics

-boycott (Coors beer) -electing of representatives (Milk himself) -marches (marched for LGBTQ movement & in opposition of Anita Bryant) -media attention (public debate between him & John Briggs who proposed Prop. 6) -made LGBTQ pins & flyers -voting (got people to vote against Prop. 6)

examples of political opportunities

-election of JFK allowed CRM to achieve some bigger political goals (Civil Rights Act) -Robert F. Kennedy in Labor Movement stood up against corporations/police who were against the movement & it's members and supported the movement -immigrant rights movement is struggling today because of Trump's legislation/campaign to "build the wall" -Milk- created political opportunity for himself

four movement stages of movement activism

-emergence -coalescence -bureaucratization -decline

abolitionist movement tactics

-institutional: petitions, lobbying members of congress, electing abolitionists to congress, creating non-slave states -extra-institutional: boycotting goods made with slave labor, marches/speeches, civil war

political opportunities

-interactions/current setting of political environment that impacts the movement's success (create rules of the game for movement activity) -changes in politics - allow movements to have more/less success

biographical availability

-lack of personal constraints & financial viability (if you don't have a job, family, etc. you are more likely to participate)

examples of extra-institutional tactics

-large-scale marches (march for our lives that protests against gun use) -BLM freeway closures (disrupt people's lives) -sit-ins (CRM movement in white only restaurants/diners) -boycotts (got people to stop selling grapes in support of labor movement) -strikes (strike at UC for better pay- disrupt teaching) -fights w/ authority (Stonewall Riot) -posters/flyers/pins (Milk handing out flyers and pins)

abolitionist movement organizations

-many religious groups, antislavery organizations, and college anti-slavery organizations (such as Oberlin)

civil rights movement tactics

-marches (march on Washington) -protests (protests in Birmingham & Albany) -sit-ins (in white-only restaurants and bars) -mass arrests (done to fill up jails & gain media attention) -gain media attention (photographs/news spread of children marching and being sprayed by high-pressure fences and threatened with police dogs)

internal resources

-money -members -leaders -networks

bureaucratiziation

-movement becomes more like a business -movement organizations look out more for themselves and their own interests and cause less social disruption

decline

-movement stops being able to succeed & get new members -last part of protest cycle before people become interested again

L.A. Voice voter engagement campaign

-posters -pledge cards w/ their info -going door to door (canvassing) -social media -events/candidate forums

examples of goals:

-same sex marriage -desegregation -better working conditions -equal rights (LGBTQ or CRM) -affordable housing -defund police (BLM) -reproductive rights

examples of tactics

-sit-ins (CRM) -riots (Stonewall Riot for LGBTQ community) -getting media attention (kids getting hosed down in CRM) -marches (Milk marching w/ ppl in Anger Anita Bryant, March on Washington for CRM) -boycott (Milk getting ppl to boycott Coors beer, Dolores Huerta getting ppl to boycott grapes in support of the UFW)

exist over a span of time

-social movements cannot just do one single event, they must carry on over time until their goal is achieved

who asked Milk to boycott Coors beer, and how did they repay Milk & his movement?

-teamsters union asked Milk to boycott Coors beer -got gay bars on Castro to stop selling Coors -to repay Milk, teamsters hired openly gay drivers and allowed them into their union

framing

-the way a social movement is advertised to the public -creating a way of thinking about a social movement that is easily identifiable to the public -engages the public by providing them with the social movement's goals/grievances

How does L.A. Voice organize people in L.A.?

-they organize in churches/mosks. -they have youth groups/multiple chapters throughout L.A. -they have statewide & national networks

network ties

-ties/connections between groups and people (if you know someone in a movement, like family and friends, you are more likely to be in that movement) -most common factor of social movement

cost of activism/membership

-time -personal harm -money

examples of institutional tactics

-voting (Milk getting people to vote, Dolores Huerta helping people in the farming community sign up to vote) -electing friendly representatives (Milk for LGBTQ movement, JFK for CRM, Robert Kennedy for Labor Movement) -initiative process - getting a certain number of voters to sign a petition that can lead to a law being created (Prop. 6)

examples of biographical availability

1. Harvey Milk - didn't have a lot of personal constraints (didn't have a family or a demanding job) 2. Dolores Huerta - left family behind while carrying out tactics for labor movement & moved to poor farming community 3. students in SNCC (student nonviolent coordinating committee) - most wouldn't have families/jobs

L.A. Voice wants to __________ voices to make L.A. a more __________ _____________.

1. amplify 2. equitable community

four factors that increase activism

1. biographical availability 2. network ties 3. collective identity 4. engagement theories

five parts of a social movement

1. goal/grievance 2.tactics/strategy 3.organization 4. collective identity 5. exist over a span in time

theories of social movement success

1. resource mobilization 2. political opportunities 3. framing

four main justice areas

1. voice for all 2. citizenship for all --> healthcare/pathway to citizenship 3. justice for all --> mass incarceration 4. home for all --> affordable housing

"UC Strike Energizes Unprecedented National Surge of Union Organizing by Academic Workers" summary

48,000 UC teaching assistants, tutors, researchers, and postdoctoral scholars stopped working for six weeks to get better pay, financial support, healthcare, and benefits. This was the nation's biggest labor action of academic workers, and will inspire & motivate union activism among workers in academia because they were able to accomplish so much (protection against harassment, financial support for child care, healthcare for certain workers, and sufficient wage gains). At places such as Caltech and other California schools, teachers have been inspired & the college's administration feels obligated to act because of the UC strike. Additionally, the pandemic pushed labor efforts because of combination of low wages & risky work environments.

"Black Southern Sit-in Movement" summary

A study about the southern student sit-in movement of the 1960s. The paper focuses on the central function that internal organization played in the emergence and development of the sit-in movement. The sit-ins revived the civil rights movement & encouraged assertive action on northern/southern white campuses. These sit-ins were the product of the black student movement, and were a radical branch off of the civil rights activities of the past.

"Poor People's Movements: Intro and Chapter 1" summary

Activists should aim to create a strategy that brings civil rights organizations, militant anti-poverty groups, and the poor together. This strategy should aim to create legislation for guaranteed annual income and ending poverty. A large obstacle that has created more poverty is the disparity between those who are entitled to welfare benefits and the money they actually get - many meet welfare criteria and are eligible for benefits but don't receive accurate pay/help. To combat this obstacle, we must educate poor people on the welfare benefits they can receive. This would disrupt welfare agencies/state governments, because it would greatly increase the amount of money that they would have to give out.

"Black Lives Matter at 10 years" summary

After Trayvon Martin's murder & the unjust verdict his killer received, Patrisse Cullors, Alicia Garza, and Opal Torreti created the #BLM slogan in 2012. This slogan along with other injustices lead to the Movement for Black Lives, an allegiance of organizations and groups focused on creating a "collective strategic policy agenda" that will produce racial equality for black people in the US. Some notable impacts of the BLM movement are the altering of public opinion around evident racial issues in the US police system, normalization of filming injustice towards black people, and multiple policy/organizational changes with the US police system (such as body-worn cameras, implicit bias training, and bans on no-knock warrants).

what was the name of the street he opened his camera shop on, where gay people/businesses could thrive?

Castro

what safe space did Milk create for gay men?

Castro Camera

"Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement" summary

Covers the first LGBTQ organizations in the US and the first openly LGBTQ political officials. Also covers the change in the clinical/military/political view of homosexuality, and how it was a lot worse in the early/mid-20th century.

"How Gay Activists Changed the Politics of Civility" summary

Early LGBTQ groups valued privacy and respectability and preferred to work within institutions rather than disrupt them. In the early 1970s, the LGBTQ movement started to engage in "zap actions"; persistent, direct confrontations of public figures to reject their conservative/anti-LGBTQ beliefs & get media attention.

first state to decriminalize homosexuality

Illinois in 1962

"Here Are The People Iran Sentenced to Death in It's Protest Crackdown" summary

Iranian people are fighting for women's liberty and freedom from oppression. Their grievance is against the oppressive Iranian government. Their tactics include burning hijabs, cutting their hair, mass protests, worker strikes, and student protests

"Former Detransitioner Fights Against Anti-LGBTQ movement" summary

Ky Schevers was assigned female at birth, transitioned to being male, and back to female/stopped taking testosterone. Fell into an online 'detransitioner' forum that pushed the anti-trans belief that misogyny and patriarchy forced her to want to be male. She realized her mistakes (being anti-trans) and wants people to pay attention to the dangers associated with anti-trans messages targeted at gender disphoric youth/youth in general as well as harmful legislative attacks.

What is L.A. Voice?

L.A. Voice is an organization that educates people on the power they possess & trains them to speak, act, and work together.

social movements that exist over a span of time

LGBTQ movement, women's/feminist movement, labor rights movement, equal rights movement (CRM --> BLM movement)

organizations of civil rights movement

NAACP, SNCC, SCLC

where did Harvey Milk move to?

San Francisco

"Safe Spaces: Gay-Straight Alliances in High Schools" summary

Sociologists analyze the idea of safe space through three different dimensions: social context, membership, and activity. They analyze safe spaces by interviewing high schoolers in Gay-Straight Alliance Groups. These group's main purpose is to provide support for LGBTQ students struggling with their own identity in hostile environments.

"Tactical Innovation and the Pace of Insurgency" summary

Tactical innovators, or "challengers", must create protest techniques that offset their powerlessness. This is known as a process of "tactical innovation". Tactical innovations provide social actors temporary leverage against their movement's opponents. Tactics change over time due to movement opponent's successes and failures.

"Protest Tactics" summary

Tactics are thoughtful acts that revolve around deliberate ways of giving/taking. Protest tactics are tactics surrounding what is taken. In other words, protest tactics are about how the people without power, or "have nots", can take power from the influential individuals with power. An important rule for protest tactics is that you must "freeze" (identify and solidify) as well as personify a target that you must work to take power away from.

"The American Colleges That Led the Abolition Movement" summary

The "Underground Railroad" was a system that helped runaway slaves travel to safe havens in the North. Oberlin College was the college with the most profound involvement in the abolition movement: it had an anti-slavery society, had many students/faculty help an estimated 300 slaves in Underground Railroad, and managers/professors of the school used their power to spread the word about abolitionism. College professors/students at Oberlin and other colleges (Dartmouth, Amherst, Miami University of Ohio) were a major force in the anti-slavery movement and many had anti-slavery groups on campus.

"New Labor Movements: The New Fight For Labor Rights" summary

The American labor movement is currently at one of the lowest points in history, and it needs to create a new strategy to survive in the 21st century. This strategy can be utilizing the bill of rights, because it's not only a concrete set of "constitutional guarantees", but will allow workers to convey their fundamental rights to free speech and equal protection under the law when they're punished for speaking out against their boss/striking (violates 1st amendment/constitutional right to free assembly). Unions have also become timid, and must educate the public & be on the offensive more often. They need to be more willing to break the law as a way to highlight injustices.

"Column: The Truth About Income Inequality in Six Amazing Charts" summary

The World Inequality Database has found that economic inequality is rising, and if it's not stopped it can lead to political, economic, and social catastrophe. The most apparent concern is the rising income/wealth inequality in the U.S and the notable increase of power of the 1%. Data suggests that there will be even more inequality in the near future, and the 1% will continue to get more political/influence power if a change is not implemented.

"The Civil Rights Movement and the Second Reconstruction" summary

The civil rights movement of the 50's and 60's is also known as the "second reconstruction", because the nation began to correct civil/human rights abuses that had been in American society for a century. Federal cases such as Brown v. Board of Education and political officials such as President Eisenhower and President JFK created political opportunities for the Civil Rights Movement, which allowed for important laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

"Resource Mobilization Theory and The Study of Social Movements" summary

Traditional theories assumed movement participation was rare, and movement actors were irrational. Movements of the 60s challenged these assumptions, which led to resource mobilization theory, which emphasizes the importance of interconnectedness between a movement and institutional action, rationality of movement actors, strategic problems confronted by movements, and the role of movements as agencies for social change.

"From Civil Rights to Black Lives Matter" summary

Wherever struggle exists, struggles will rise to abolish it. This is evident because of the injustice surrounding Emmett Till which led to the Civil Rights movement, and Trayvon Martin (which led to the BLM hashtag and subsequent movement). The Civil Rights Movement proved that social movements are not a random gathering of angry people, but strategic organizations of passionate individuals. Some tactics that successful social movements have used are boycotts, hunger strikes, and nonviolent direct action such as sit-ins.

"After Same-Sex Marriage, What's Next?" summary

Written in June 24, 2015, it says that legalization of same-sex marriage is bound to happen. Data says majority of Americans support same-sex marriage and believe it's legalization is inevitable. After this legalization, there is still the continued fight for reconciling new legal status for LGBTQ couples & fighting for nondiscrimination laws.

what is a social movement?

a social movement is a collective that challenges existing laws, policies, or norms using extra-institutional & institutional tactics

anti ______ laws/protests are increasing

anti-LGBTQ laws/protests are increasing

what is Proposition 6?

banning of gay and lesbian people working in California public schools

collective identity

building a sense of community within a group of people that makes them feel connected/included/a part of something bigger than themselves & is working towards a goal

what formed after slavery was abolished?

civil rights movement

organization

collection of individuals within a social movement building strategies of action & acting on them to achieve their goal

goal of civil rights movement

ending segregation/broader goal of equality

abolitionist movement goal

ending slavery / racial equality

who are the leading states in anti-LGBTQ laws and protests?

florida and texas

goal/grievance

goal: an objective/aim a movement is working towards grievance: an issue a social movement is trying to tackle/eliminate

civil rights movement strategy

non-violent social movement action

collective identity

once a person is brought into a movement, a collective identity is created via social interactions (collective identity brings a sense of belonging)

why are people afraid of these anti-LGBTQ laws in Florida and Texas?

people think they'll be replicated in other conservative states

SMO

social movement organization - a formal organization within a movement that engages in action to advance a movement's goals

tactics/strategy

tactic: the action the members of a social movement participate in strategy: the plan of action the social movement is going to take

extra-institutional tactics

tactics outside of institutions that are used to disrupt social order & force attention (set social movements apart)

institutional tactics

tactics within institutions that are not just used in social movements

resource mobilization

the internal organization of a movement & the resources social movements mobilize

engagement theories

those with higher education/political knowledge believe they can make a difference and are more likely to join movements (activists with these attributes see themselves as effective against politicians)