Social Psych 2020

Briefly describe TWO variations on the Milgram "effects of punishment on learning" experiment that decreased the likelihood that the "teacher" would administer a high level of shock to the "learner."

1) the experimenter would not agree to take all responsible 2) the experimenter would not persuasively say continue on

In the video (or from the text) about the Asch conformity studies, identify TWO variations to the study that caused the participants to conform LESS.

1) when someone else said the correct answer, 2) or when receive eye contact with other participants

Imagine you really enjoy lying out in the sun to get a deep, dark tan. If you heard arguments both for and against tanning, you would probably remember __________ arguments for tanning and __________ arguments against tanning.

Plausible, implausible

How was social loafing illustrated in the video linked in the PowerPoint slides on D2L, where the researcher (Sam Sommers) got students on campus to perform an exercise?

jumping jacks

Petar and Nikolas love the house that they just toured. It is a short sale for $180,000, which is a great price. They are very excited and want to put in an offer. After they begin the paperwork, their realtor tells them that the price does not include the fixtures or the appliances. Those will likely cost an extra $20,000. What tactic is the realtor using?

lowballing

Going along with the crowd (e.g., doing the ice bucket challenge, smoking pot, polar plunging) because of a fear of social exclusion is an example of __________.

normative social influences

Research on personality type and leadership indicates that __________.

people of all different personality types can become successful leaders

Members of the Heaven's Gate cult, who "knew" there was a spaceship following the Hale-Bopp comet, returned a perfectly good telescope they had purchased because they failed to see the spaceship they "knew" was there. Such behaviors demonstrate that __________.

people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or beliefs

Talia loves animals but still eats meat. When she experiences dissonance about the contradiction, she tells herself that she also volunteers her time at an animal shelter. This manner of reducing dissonance involves __________.

self-affirmation

You are asked to design advertisements for several products. For which of the following products would you want to design an ad with an emotional appeal?

A Car *

André is not at all familiar with a presidential candidate's stand on the issues or with his proposed policies, but André likes "his" candidate and plans to vote for him anyway. This example illustrates that people's attitudes toward politicians are often __________.

Affectively based

In the Chapter 9 Wisdom of the Crowd video linked on D2L, how did the researcher (Sam Sommers) investigate whether the combined wisdom of many people was better than the responses of single individuals?

By asking an estimate of candy in jar. When he estimate all the response the group answer would have been higher than one individual.

Imagine that both Vera and Carol are against affirmative action. Vera is offered $50 to write an essay about the benefits of affirmative action, whereas Carol is offered only $1 to write a similar essay. After writing the essays and receiving their payments, both women are asked to report their attitudes toward affirmative action. Assuming that their attitudes were similarly negative at the outset, which of the following results would you expect?

Carol would be more favorable than vera toward affirmative action

Emerson's boss wants to use cognitive dissonance to sell a new type of emergency cell phone. Emerson is not convinced that the campaign is going to be successful. What should Emerson tell his boss?

Cognitive dissonance techniques are difficult to implement on a mass scale.

Doty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake. She feels fear and jumps up and runs back to the house, all the while thinking, "I know that garden snakes are not dangerous." This example illustrates an inconsistency between the __________ component of attitudes and the __________ components

Cognitive; affective and behavioral

Which of the following ad slogans for an automobile would be more effective in Tokyo than in Chicago?

Comfort for your family

According to the authors of your text, what is one major danger of engaging in self-justification strategies?

We can fail to learn from our mistakes

In the Chapter 8 video linked on D2L, the researcher (Sam Sommers) had students ask people to fill out a survey. What is one method the students used to increase participation in their study?

Foot-in-the-door: You want to have people agree to smaller request before asking a bigger question. Most likely this technique primes the participant to say yes again to the study.

Researchers suggest that some attitudes are linked to genetic influences. According to these researchers, how is it possible that we might inherit from our parents a love of something like classical music?

Genes influence temperament and personality, which are in turn related to attitudes.

If an executioner were questioned about how he could live with himself after taking someone's life, one likely response (according to the authors of your text) would be __________.

I'm just following orders

"I like sex, but not enough to die for it," says a young woman in an ad designed to persuade people to use condoms if they are sexually active. Why might this approach be ineffective?

If people are too frightened they won't think rationally about the issue.

Briñol and Petty (2003) conducted a study in which participants were presented strong or weak arguments on an issue while they were either shaking or nodding their heads to test the durability of headphones. Why did head movements matter?

It was a subtle way to make participants feel more or less confident

According to results of dissonance studies, who is more likely to believe that lying is truly a heinous, unconscionable, and unforgivable act?

Mark, who was tempted to lie but told the truth instead

Who is most likely to enjoy a boring and lackluster rock-and-roll concert performed by washed-up, fiftysomething "has-beens"?

Mick who waited in line all night for the tickets

George is trying to decide which of two used cars to buy. He test drives each, listening to the radio while he does so. While he is test driving the Honda, his favorite song comes on the radio. George tells his friend, "I know the Toyota is a bit better of a deal, but somehow the Honda just feels better to me." If the reason that the Honda feels better is that George liked the song that he heard while driving it, his decision is being influenced by __________.

Misattribution of emotion

According to the researchers in the Chapter 7 video about resisting persuasive efforts, what is one way that they stated could make people less susceptible to the influence of product placement in movies or television?

One way to be less susceptible, is have a understand and knowledge that products were used in the movie to catch our attention. By this knowledge we can prime ourselves not to believe everything we see.

According to an evolutionary approach to love, why do women prefer men with resources, whereas men prefer women who are attractive?

Resource signal competence in men; attractiveness signals reproductive fitness in women

The new governor hires you to devise a plan to stop bullying in the schools. Based on the principle of insufficient punishment, what might be a good way to punish bullies?

Tell teacher to give a mild punishment that barely gets the bully to stop the behavior and to be consistent with this mild punishment

The Pattersons bought their TV from a store with a thirty-day return policy, and the Stevensons bought the same TV from a different store with a policy that "All Sales Are Final!" Based on what the text reports about cognitive dissonance, which family is more likely to be satisfied with their TV?

The Stevensons

In the "Attraction Hypothesis" video from Chapter 10, how did the researcher (Sam Sommers) illustrate that people are generally attracted to people who are similar to themselves?

The researcher did an example to pair up and find a partner. The student wear hats with numbers on their heads (10 the best and 1 as the worst). Thus when the experiment ended the higher numbers paired together and the lower numbers paired together.

Next week, you're going to give a lecture to the psychology club about the Yale Attitude Change approach to persuasion. What will be your three main topics?

The source; the nature of communication; the nature of the audience

In the Festinger and Carlsmith study (shown in Chapter 6 video) participants engaged in a boring activity, and then lied and told another person that the activity was fun. Some students experience more dissonance about lying than others. BRIEFLY explain the difference between the groups who felt more or less dissonance, and describe how the narrator (Sam Sommers) used the concept of cognitive dissonance to explain the results. (This study is also described in the text.)

The students who were asked to lie about a boring activity and they would be paid for lying. Not every student was paid the same amount. Some were paid twenty dollars and other were paid only one dollar. Those who were paid twenty dollars felt less dissonance than those who were paid one dollar. The narrator explain that those who had received the twenty, had justified why what they were doing was not that big of deal. Those who received less may not have completely justified what they had done.

From the Chapter 6 video on Cheating and Dissonance, how was the research able to get people to cheat LESS in the study?

The study began with an opening statement, half of the student were read one statement and the other half another statement. One statement concluded that student should just "don't cheat." This statement seem to increase cheating. While the other summary of the statement was "don't be a cheater, which decreased the urge to cheat.

In the Stanford Prison Experiment (described in the text and shown in Chapter 9 video) list at least 2 ways in which the study made the roles of "prisoners" and "guards" more realistic and believable for the participants.

The way the prisoners were arrested and pat down. When they arrived at the prison, the prisoner were put into outfits with numbers which mental made the students feel like prisoners. Whereas the guards used their power to make the prisoner do push ups and clean out the toilet bowl. These action showed the guards that they were no longer students but some with power to tell others to do different actions.

Both Jacques and Brittany find themselves in traffic court to testify about being rear-ended by another driver. Both were physically okay, but both now have anxious reactions when a traffic light changes and they must stop more quickly than normal. How might this shared experience impact their relationship?

They will be more attracted to each other because they share this experience

The presence of others will facilitate performance for __________.

Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbor watch

Wendy is a member of a political group on your campus and is interested in finding out how many students plan to vote in the next presidential election. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of the following attitude questions Wendy could ask would be the best predictor of whether or not a particular student will vote in the next presidential election?

What are you attitudes about voting in the next U.S. presidential election?

Which of the following best illustrates an implicit attitude?

When Randi experiences a flash of discomfort around her lesbian friends

Regarding breakups, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Women report feeling relief and pride in being able to leave a bad relationship

When someone dehumanizes a victim and successfully reduces dissonance in this way, this is likely to lead to __________.

a continuation or escalation of cruelty

According to the authors of your text, women in leadership positions are in a double bind: If they conform to social expectations about how to behave and are warm and communal, they may be seen as having low leadership potential; then, when they are given the opportunity to lead and they __________, they are perceived negatively.

act in agentic, assertive ways

A tobacco grower says, "I'm not the only one growing it. If I stop, someone else will be there." Assuming that the man was experiencing dissonance from the fact that he was making his living from a crop that is bad for people's health, he appears to be reducing this dissonance by __________.

adding new cognitions

Norm and Vera are feuding over where to go out to dinner. Norm wants to go to Denny's for the Grand Slam, but Vera wants to go to Sizzler for the all-you-can-eat salad bar. Finally, exchanging a series of proposals and counterproposals, they settle on a new diner in town that has both cheap food and a salad bar. This situation is an example of __________

an integrative solution

On the campus of the University of Minnesota, there are signs near large expanses of grass that read, "Lie on me, play on me, but please don't walk on me." These signs are more likely to protect the grass than signs that read, "Stay off the grass!" because the Minnesota signs __________.

are likely to generate less psychological reactance

Mr. Anderson needs someone to work the very undesirable Fourth of July shift in his restaurant. If he uses the door-in-the-face technique, how should he approach his staff?

ask someone to work every Sunday for the next three months, then ask that person to work July 4th only

Jacob is about to start a new job. Given that he wants to make lots of new friends, he should choose the office that is located __________.

at the far end of the hall

Politicians often preface their remarks with statements such as "I know that my opponent will try to tell you that I'm weak on crime." This strategy is an example of __________.

attitude inoculation

Brian has had many girlfriends in his life, mostly because he feels unable to comfortably commit to any one person. As soon as a relationship begins to get serious, he feels trapped and puts up barriers to his partner. His girlfriends always want him to make a bigger commitment than he is comfortable making. Brian's attachment style is best described as __________.

avoidant

Steph reads an anti-drinking ad in the student newspaper that states, "Students at this school, on average, only drink three drinks per week." She typically drinks no alcoholic beverages per week, but after seeing the ad she starts consuming more because she is "below average." Steph is exhibiting the __________.

bommerang effect

In their relationship, Marc and Nora both perceive that Marc has been paying more than his fair share of costs and that Nora is receiving more than her fair share of benefits. According to equity theory, __________.

both should feel uncomfortable with the situation, but Marc should feel more uncomfortable than nora

A commercial comes on for an arthritis cream. Lachlan has been having some pain in his knees lately, so he's both motivated and able to attend to the commercial. Therefore, he is more likely to use the __________ route to persuasion.

central

Frank tells his friend that he his madly in love with Marie, and that it feels like he's high. There is some element of truth to that because __________.

chemicals in Frank's Brian are completely out of balance much like a heroin addict

Ramona cares deeply about Raül, but does not feel any passion for him. Raül, on the other hand, has feelings of great longing accompanied by physical arousal whenever she's near. In this situation, Ramona is feeling __________ love for Raül, whereas Raül, is feeling __________ love for Ramona.

companionate; passionate

During a drought, Lynne noticed that all of her neighbors had stopped watering their lawns even though there were no laws against it. Lynne was following a(n) __________ norm when she let her lawn turn brown, too.

descriptive

What is the primary benefit of having diversity within a group?

different perspectives lead to improved problem solving

People's beliefs about the influence of advertising are incorrect. People __________ they are influenced by regular advertising, and they __________ they are influenced by subliminal advertising.

don't think; do think

Erich Fromm (1955) wrote, "Love is often nothing but a favorable exchange between two people who get the most of what they can expect, considering their value on the personality market." Although a bit cynical, this description of friendship is most compatible with the __________ theory of attraction.

equity

Mark is a Democrat. He just joined a welfare reform committee made up of nine Republicans. Mark holds a minority opinion on this issue. If Mark wants his opinion to influence the group's final recommendations, he should __________.

express a consistent, unwavering viewpoint

Mohammad recently purchased a new computer. He debated for weeks about whether to buy a PC or a Mac. He went ahead and purchased a Mac. It's now likely that Mohammad will __________.

focus on all of the positive qualities of a mac

Jacob was recently late to a meeting because of a traffic jam. Later, when his wife is late arriving home, Jacob is probably going to be __________, based on the idea of the hypocrisy induction.

forgiving

The United States has celebrated independence and rugged individualism from the time of its inception. This suggests that American attitudes toward conformity are __________.

generally negative

Members of the school board were tentatively considering a proposal to institute the wearing of uniforms in the elementary and middle school grades. After their last meeting, they are now strongly in favor of the proposal. This illustrates the phenomenon known as __________.

group polarization

You are a member of a team of detectives and police investigators who are trying to solve a crime. Based on information in your text about information sharing in groups, what would be the best way for your team to discuss the crime and solve it accurately?

have each member be responsible for certain types of information

You are the leader of a labor union on strike against management. The conflict has escalated, and there is anger and mistrust on both sides of the conflict. Management is about to declare bankruptcy and union strike benefits are running low. You want to resolve the conflict as quickly as possible and reach an agreement that both sides will accept as binding. What should you do?

hire a mediator

Charlene typically goes along with what her group of friends wants and asks of her. However, one day she refuses to meet them for smoothies after class. Chances are, Charlene will face little retribution for this as long as she has enough __________.

idiosyncrasy credits

In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance, one needs two pieces of information: whether __________ and whether __________.

individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex

Mariahna has been called to court to testify about a car accident she witnessed. She has never testified before, so she plans to attend a few hearings before the court date to see what really happens in a courtroom. She hopes to see how to address the judge and how people dress when called to testify. Mariahna is using __________ to guide her behavior.

informational social influence

Jake was serving on a jury. Most of the jurors believed the defendant was guilty, and Jake, wanting to go home early, voted guilty as well. This is a form of __________.

public compliance

Emma and Clark have some tough relationship issues to sort out. Based on the research by Misra and colleagues (2014), if they want to feel connected to one another and express the necessary amount of empathy during their discussion, what should they do?

put their mobile devices away

Scott believes very strongly that saccharine is an unsafe sugar substitute that may even cause cancer. Even though Scott is diabetic, and thus should be using sugar substitutes, he often opts for sugar-laden foods and drinks to avoid saccharine. "I'll just exercise more later; the sugar isn't a big deal. I'm really being healthier by avoiding saccharine," he thinks to himself. Scott's behavior and thoughts are examples of __________ in the face of cognitive dissonance.

rationalizing

When researchers reviewed the literature on standards of beauty across cultures, they found that the attractiveness ratings among participants of all different races and ethnicities ranged from .66 to .93. These relatively large positive correlations suggest that __________

regardless of culture or background, people can agree on what is attractive

Researchers provided men with photographs of either attractive women or unattractive women and told the men that their conversation partner was the woman in the photograph. They found that when independent raters evaluated the women's side of the conversation, women who were believed to be attractive actually behaved in a more confident, animated, and warm manner than did women who were believed to be unattractive. These results demonstrate that the __________ might explain why there is a kernel of truth to the "what is beautiful is good" stereotype.

self-fulling prophecy

The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to clean the common room, the room is not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean it. What phenomenon does this example illustrate?

social loafing

Recall that in the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Haney, Banks, and Zimbardo (1973), guards became increasingly aggressive and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn, all in under a week. Results of this (aborted) study suggest that __________.

social roles can take on a power all their own

Informational social influence is most likely to occur when __________

the other people around are experts and the situation is ambiguous

The "prisoner's dilemma" game is an excellent vehicle for studying social conflicts in the laboratory because __________.

the rules of the game pit self-interest against looking out for someone else's interest

Which of the following was a goal of Milgram's obedience research?

to better understand the social forces that contribute to destructive and immoral behavior

If a person deviates from the norms of a group, the first thing the group is likely to do is __________.

try to persuade him to conform

A police officer is trying to disband an angry mob of protesters. Based on what your text states about deindividuation, which of the following would be the best strategy to use?

use a loudspeaker, address several questions to specific individuals in the crowd.