Social Psych Ch. 10
According to Gordon Allport's theory on prejudice, the waitress's behavior towards the lesbian family is caused by:
Experiencing hostile feelings against lesbians.
Roger claims not to be racist, but his score on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) indicates that he associates African-American faces with negative words. Which of the following statements can most fairly be said to apply to Roger?
He may or may not be racist—the IAT signals unconscious bias, not consciously held beliefs
A belief that emphasizes the individualistic value of hard work.
Protestant ethic
______ strongly predicts dislike of disadvantaged groups that are perceived to be inferior such as the disabled, unemployed, ad homemakers.
SDO
According to the developer of the Implicit Association Test, what can we say about the stability of implicit biases?
We can reduce implicit biases by changing the social or cognitive environment of the person immediately prior to or during the testing situation.
Discrimination occurs when:
a gray area allows race to play a role
A tendency to assume an association between two rare occurrences is called:
a illusory correlation
Some researchers believe prejudice sometimes arises out of:
a need to protect our self-esteem
People should be especially likely to laud their own group and derogate outgroups after:
a threat to personal self-esteem
Evidence suggests that the stereotypes we have of groups are often _______, including positive traits alongside negative traits.
ambivalent
Victor simultaneously believes that all Blacks should be treated fairly in society and that most Blacks do not try hard enough to improve their lives. This example best illustrates _____ racism.
ambivalent
The influence of two clashing sets of values on White Americans' racial attitudes: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism.
ambivalent racism
The pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.
ambivalent sexism
In Phelps et al.'s (2000) study, which region of the brain exhibited a pronounced response when Whites who had a strong racial bias viewed pictures of Black men?
amygdala
The brain region that signals negative emotional responses, especially fear, to things in our environment.
amygdala
How does Charles Barkley define racism?
attempt to harm or belittle a group
Adorno and colleagues determined that overlapping biases reflect an:
authoritarian personality
Conflicting, often nonconscious, negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have, even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.
aversive racism
Charles Barkley says he gets more upset at black people who are racists. Why?
because of everything they have been through, being racist themselves in incomprehensible
Beliefs that women are pure and more compassionate than men.
benevolent
People are more likely to harbor and express prejudice toward a particular outgroup when they view their own group as _____ and as having _____.
cohesive; collective interests possibly threatened by that outgroup
The most extreme form of dehumanization is to:
compare outgroup members directly with nonhuman animals
The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than as humans.
dehumanization
Jeff refuses to hold the door open for a person on campus due to the religious group Jeff thinks the person belongs to. This is an example of:
discrimination
Negative behavior toward an individual based solely on the basis of membership in a particular group is referred to as:
discrimination
Negative behavior toward an individual solely on the basis of membership in a particular group.
discrimination
Steve throws out someone's job application because he believes the applicant belongs to a certain group that he doesn't like. Steve's behavior is a clear example of:
discrimination
The employee tells the strudel-seeking woman "We don't serve your kind," meaning Muslims. He is demonstrating what aspect of prejudice?
discrimination
Frustrations people experience fuel negative feelings and actions toward outgroups even in the absence of any inciting behavior by a member of that group.
displaced aggression
When people feel bad about themselves, they tend to compensate through:
downward comparison
The belief that all people should be given equal opportunities.
egalitarianism
Reminding people of natural disasters leads them to view ougroups as:
enemies with evil intentions
The employee makes reference to the Muslim woman's dress as being somehow un-American, at one point implying her headscarf is like a Halloween costume. This equation of the Muslim woman's religiously-mandated hijab with costumes worn on a popular American holiday reflects:
ethnocentrism
Viewing the world through our own cultural value system and thereby judging actions and people based on our own culture's views of right and wrong and good and bad.
ethnocentrism
People are likely to feel hostility when they are ______, or when hey witness things they view as ______.
frustrated or threatened; unpleasant or unjust
Because of the ______, when people see us in a role, they jump to the conclusion that we have the traits implied by the behaviors we enact in that role.
fundamental attribution error
A recent study of identical twins suggested that how prone an individual is to favor their in-group is partly:
genetically determined
Charles Barkley says he has never been through racism. What does he mean?
he didn't experience the harsh racism of segregation like his forefathers
_______ people dislike ethnic outgroups as well as socially deviant groups that threaten traditional norms, such as feminists, gays, and lesbians.
high RWA
Beliefs that women are incompetent or push too hard for gender equality.
hostile
When asked about dealing with being called a racist remark, Charles Barkley says he sees the person as:
ignorant
A tendency to assume an association between two rare occurrences, such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions.
illusory correlation
The "What Would You Do?" video was shot in Texas, and according to 2012 data, Muslims make up less than 2% of the population of Texas. This low percentage might be behind the employee's contention that the Muslim woman in the store is a terrorist according to which idea about stereotypes?
illusory correlations
Refers to automatically activated negative associations with outgroups.
implicit prejudice
Refers to negative attitudes toward a group of people for which the individual has little or no conscious awareness.
implicit prejudice
An exclusive, typically small, group of people with a shared interest or identity.
in-group
A tendency to favor groups we belong to more than those we don't.
in-group bias
The prejudiced employee keeps referring to himself as an American, and implying (or outright stating) that the Muslim customer is not. By separating himself from the Muslim woman in this way, we might consider that his prejudice comes from:
in-group bias
Belief that each person should be able to make it on his or her own.
individualism
The perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as being unique to human beings, such as language, rational intelligence, and complex social emotions.
infrahumanization
Process in which stereotypes come into play:
initial categorization --> stereotype activation --> judgements applied
The video mentions how 29 states allow gays to be refused service at restaurants. This is an example of:
institutional discrimination
Unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws.
institutional discrimination
The bakery employee says that he doesn't want to serve his Muslim customer because "We're at war with your people." This belief might be the basis of the employee's prejudice based on which theory of the origins of prejudice?
intergroup anxiety theory
Prejudice is more likely to occur in situations when:
it can be justified by some other motive
One major problem is inherent in living with groups:
it separates us from other human beings in other groups
Jack Dovidio, the social psychologist John Quinones interviews in the video, says that peoples' reactions in support of the Muslim woman arise from onlookers' concerns with:
justice
Let's imagine a history for the bigoted employee. Imagine he had no exposure to or knowledge of Muslims at all until the 9/11 terrorist attacks. After watching TV for days and hearing a lot of negative things about Muslims, the man became afraid of Muslims, and so began to endorse negative stereotypes about the group—like that observant Muslims were terrorists. This dynamic would reflect what aspect of prejudice and stereotyping?
justification suppression model
The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members.
justification suppression model
Even when stereotypes are broad overgeneralization of what a group is like, some (but not all) stereotypes may be based on actual differences in the average traits or behaviors associated with two or more groups.
kernel of truth hypothesis
Prejudice often results from:
linking hostile feelings to salient categories of people
The minimal condition for group biases (such as favoritism towards your own group and prejudice toward others) is simply being a member of a group.
minimal group paradigm
Stereotypes of outgroups tend to be:
negative
A theory which proposes that the cultural value placed on women's appearance leads people to view women more as objects than as full human beings.
objectification theory
People who exhibit signs of symbolic racism typically express these negative attitudes symbolically such as by:
opposing policies that give advantages to minorities
People who we perceive as belonging to a group other than our own are known as _____ members.
outgroup
Those people who do not belong to a specific in-group.
outgroup
The tendency to view individuals in outgroups as being more similar to each other than they really are.
outgroup homogeneity
Once stereotypes are activated, we use them to:
perceive and make judgements that confirm them
Identify the BEST example of infrahumanization.
perceiving an outgroup member as lacking the ability to experience hope
Researchers have argued that the stereotype content model is too simplistic because it fails to consider another fundamental dimension of stereotyping:
perceptions of morality
When it comes to ______, there is little support for the kernel of truth hypothesis.
personality traits
A negative attitude toward an individual based solely on that person's presumed membership in a particular group.
prejudice
Carl has a dislike of, and a negative emotional reaction toward, individuals who belong to a certain political group. This is an example of:
prejudice
The all-too-common consequence of the distinction between us (the ingroup) and them (the outgroup).
prejudice
Stereotypes justify:
prejudice and discrimination
The study of modern forms of prejudice in the United States has focused largely on:
racial prejudice
What is the dependent variable the Implicit Associates Test (IAT) measures?
reaction time
A theory which asserts that the initial negative feelings between groups are often based on a real conflict or competition regarding scarce resources.
realistic group conflict theory
An ideology which holds that the social world is inherently dangerous and that maintaining security requires upholding society's order and tradition. It predicts prejudice against groups seen as socially deviant or dangerous.
right-wing authoritarianism
A phenomenon whereby people who feel inferior, guilty, anxious, or unsuccessful blame an outgroup for their troubles.
scapegoating
I gain ______ by thinking highly of my own group and less highly of outgroups.
self-esteem
Stereotypes are _____ boosters.
self-esteem
We selectively focus on different ways of categorizing people, depending on these ________ motivations.
self-serving
Pride in one's own group and preference for one's own group over others may be a natural extension of:
self-serving bias
The tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than as full humans, as if their physical appearance were all that matters.
sexual objectification
The tendency to mistakenly see objects in the hands of black men as guns.
shooter bias
Stereotypes are cognitive tools for:
simplifying everyday life
Consider the following statement: "Some groups of people are simply not the equal of others." A person who strongly believes in this statement would be high in:
social dominance orientation
_____ is an ideology in which the world is viewed as a ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate and right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones.
social dominance orientation
An ideology in which the world is viewed as a ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate and high for powerful groups to dominate weaker oes.
social dominance orientation (SDO)
States that stereotypes come from roles enforced on people.
social role theory
We learn stereotypes over the course of:
socialization
If something is _______, you get messages about it throughout development.
socialized
Right-wing authoritarianism is to prejudice toward _____ groups as social dominance orientation is to prejudice toward _____ groups.
socially deviant; weaker
The stereotype content model posits that stereotypes develop on the basis of how groups relate to one another along two basic dimensions:
status and cooperation in a sense that encompasses likability
A cognitive schema containing knowledge about and associations with a social group.
stereotype
Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group are:
stereotypes
Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group, such as "African Americans are violent," "Jews are cheap," "White men are racists," and so forth.
stereotypes
The employee at the shop tells the woman "We don't serve Muslims here," and when she asks him what he thinks she is, he replies, "Well, you're a terrorist." What aspect of prejudice is being demonstrated here?
stereotypes
A tendency to view members of a racial outgroup as a threat to one's way of life and to express this view by rejecting social policies seen as benefiting that group.
symbolic racism
Richard expresses how he does not have any negative prejudices and stereotypes toward Blacks. However, he is absolutely against progressive social policies, such as increasing public transportation that would enhance opportunities to members of all races. This example best illustrates:
symbolic racism
According to _____, these ambivalent stereotypes help maintain the status quo by justifying the way things are.
system justification theory
Marcy recently had a close friend pass away. As a result, she has been thinking a lot recently about her own life and inevitable death at some point in the future. Based on the concept of _____ as covered in the textbook, Marcy is _____ likely to express prejudice she has toward various groups.
terror management theory; more
Kristin is participating in a research study for a local university. The study is measuring implicit prejudice. What test is MOST likely to be administered to Kristin?
the implicit association test
Since the late 1990s, the most commonly used measure of implicit attitudes has been:
the implicit association test
The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members is called:
the justification suppression model
Simply conforming to _______ can lead to prejudice.
the norms and values of one's worldview
Prejudice involves judging an individual negatively without considering:
the person's actual attributes or actions
When we encounter outgroup members, what is salient to us is ________ rather than ________.
their group memberships; their individual characteristics
All else being equal, if a person took the IAT many times, what kind of differences would you expect to see in their scores?
their score would remain relatively stable
Charles Barkley mentions that sports is a great equalizer among people because:
there are a diverse group of people playing and watching
An individual may, in certain circumstances, show less racial bias on the IAT than their previous IAT scores would suggest. What would the video suggest could account for this?
thinking about positive exemplars from the group against which bias exists prior to the test
The tendency to believe that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of their internal dispositions and good actions by them occur because of the situation, while believing the reverse for ingroup members.
ultimate attribution error
Ethnocentric biases are more severe when we feel _____ or when we see another's worldview as _____.
vulnerable; threatening to our own
Two dimensions of evaluation that are fundamental to how we view others:
warmth and competence
How do we use confirmation bias in stereotyping?
we interpret ambiguous information as evidence supporting a stereotype
Our prejudice towards others can increase when:
we receive a threat to our self-esteem
A cause of prejudice is people's tendency to prefer:
what is familiar over what is not
The psychologist in the video clip, Jack Dovidio, says that people will close up and define their group (in this case, Americans) in a very rigid fashion when what happens?
when people are threatened by outgroup members
In the current study, we predict that we would evaluate the competence of _____ instructors who gave us a bad grade more negatively.
women
