Social Psych chapter 11 - stereotyping prejudice and discrimination

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?

Aggressive acts are caused by feelings of frustration

What is the motivational perspective for why intergroup conflict occurs?

Argues that prejudice and negative stereotypes results from motivations to view one's ingroup more favorably than outgroups

What is the economic perspective towards why intergroup conflict occurs?

Argues that prejudice results from different social groups competing over scarce resources

What is the cognitive perspective for why intergroup conflict occurs?

Argues that stereotypes result from biases in social cognition due to schemas about differences between ingroup and outgroup members These stereotypes may be the foundation for prejudice and subsequently discrimination

What is social identity theory?

Based on motivational perspective frameworks. Theory that a person's self-concept and self-esteem come from the status and accomplishments of the various groups to which the person belongs

What are two mechanisms that lead to ingroup biases using social identity theory?

Basking in reflected glory - tendency to take pride in the accomplishment of those we feel associated with in some way Derogating outgroups to boost self-esteem

Based on the wheelchair movie study, why would people choose to sit with the non-disabled person more when the movies were different in both theaters?

Because different movies were playing, if participants chose to not sit next to the person in a wheelchair, they had a cover (an alternative to hide their true preference)

Based on the wheelchair movie study, why would people choose to sit next to the person in the wheelchair more often when the movies in both theaters were exactly the same?

Because the same movie was playing, if participants chose to not sit next to the person in a wheelchair, it would like that was the reason (no other explanation to hide it)

What is Blatant / Overt/ Old-fashion racism and what are some example questions?

Beliefs about minorities that are clearly bigoted and readily admitted "Black people are generally not as smart as white" "Generally speaking, I favor full racial integration." "It is a bad idea for blacks and whites to marry one another."

What is benevolent sexism and why is it problematic in terms of co-occurring attitudes and changing the attitude?

Benevolent prejudice/sexism/racism are prejudiced views that are seemingly positive towards minority groups expressed more willingly. It is problematic because positive sexism ("women need to be protected") often co-exists with negative sexism ("women are incompetent at work") It allows holder to deny prejudice, people to who hold benevolent sexist beliefs tend to act positively to only those who fulfill the idealized image

What is realistic group conflict theory?

Competition for limited resources will increase conflict among groups, resulting in prejudice and discrimination. Resources may be physical, economic, or conceptual. For example, competition over territory, jobs, religious identity, and so on ...

What is the minimal groups paradigm and how do people behave when placed in minimal groups?

Creating groups based on meaningless criteria and then examining how the members behave towards one another Individual show preferences for the ingroup even when group distinctions are meaningless

What is paired distinctiveness?

False beliefs about groups may be maintained because we more easily remember the pairing of two distinct events Negative behaviors on the part of members of minority are particularly distinctive and memorable.

What is an example of attributional ambiguity?

For instance, wondering if you didn't get a job because you weren't qualified or whether it was because of your race, gender, handicap, or similar attribute

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Members of outgroup viewed as similar. People tend to have a more impaired ability to view outgroup members as distinct individuals.

What is attributional ambiguity?

Members of stigmatized groups may be uncertain if the treatment they receive is due to them personally or is a result their group membership

What types of behaviors do implicit attitudes predict?

Non-verbal behavior that happened in split-second

What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?

Prejudice (affective): an attitude structure (positive or negative), but more specifically the emotional component. Evaluation of a social group and its members Discrimination (behavioral): differential treatment due to group membership Stereotyping (cognitive): generalization that is seen as descriptive of all members of that group; belief about the characteristics of a social group; a way of categorizing people

What is Modern / Symbolic racism and what are some example questions used to measure it?

Prejudice directed at other racial groups that exists alongside rejection of explicitly racist beliefs Denial of continuing discrimination: "Discrimination against blacks is no longer a problem in the United States"* Antagonism toward African-American's demands: "Blacks are getting too demanding in their push for equal rights"* Resentment about special favors for African-Americans: "over the past few years, the government and news media have shown more respect to blacks than they deserve." *

What was the Robbers Cave Study? What does it say is the best way to reduce intergroup conflict?

Robber's cave experiment demonstrate in-group preference and prejudice toward outgroup. Superordinate goals can reduced intergroup conflict.

What is the shooter bias?

Shooter bias - Both white and black participants were more likely to accidentally shoot the unarmed black targets than unarmed white targets.

How is our information processing biased towards reinforcing stereotypes?

Stereotypes guide attention, perception, and memory We may pay attention to and remember things that are consistent with our stereotypes and fail to notice or remember things that are inconsistent

Why do researchers believe that stereotypes are mental shortcuts?

Stereotyping can sometimes be useful because it can decrease the time and effort needed to deal with our social environment. It helps us process social information efficiently. Study found that participants who used a stereotype to remember information about a person then performed better on a cognitive task

What are implicit attitudes?

attitudes can determine in non-verbal behavior.