Social Psych-Chapter 3 (Applied)

You were supposed to make an important presentation at work, but you overslept, the bus was late, and you missed the meeting. If you are able to generate many ways in which to "undo" this terrible outcome, you will experience ________ emotional reaction. a. no b. a mild c. a strong d. an unclear

c.

A mother who has tragically lost a daughter in a car accident spends her days rehearsing "if onlys." "If only I had made her stay home that night"; "If only she had taken Route 78 instead of Route 22"; "If only I had offered to chauffeur her instead of letting her drive herself." The mother is engaging in the process known as a. counterfactual thinking. b. blaming the victim. c. the availability heuristic. d. the self-fulfilling prophecy.

a.

According to the perspective presented in Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), a person who grew up in a home with an alcoholic parent who sees a man acting in a somewhat strange manner may be ________ likely to interpret this behavior as due to alcohol because of ________. a. more; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema b. more; ego-defensive biases c. less; chronic accessibility of an alcoholic schema d. less; ego-defensive biases

a.

Adele is from France, where rabbits are eaten regularly. She can tell you the most tender part of the rabbit, how long to cook one, and how big a rabbit you would need to feed five people. Marsha is from the United States, where rabbits are pets, and bring colored eggs to children in the spring. She hasn't a clue about how to cook one, even if she wanted to. This example best illustrates a. the On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking. b. the universality of schemas. c. that rabbits are ambiguous stimuli. d. personality differences in the contents of schemas.

a.

After seeing the movie Fargo, Craig firmly believes that Minnesotans and North Dakotans are the goofiest people in the United States. You believe that Minnesotans and North Dakotans are no goofier than people any place else, and you would like to get Craig to change his judgment. To do this, you might a. ask him to consider the opposite point of view. b. ask him to think more carefully about his judgment. c. tell him to stop being irrational. d. tell him that he needs a law school course.

a.

Although there are only a few runners on your college track team, you see a woman on campus who has the physique of a runner. You decide that she's a member of the track team. Your conclusion is based on a. the representativeness heuristic. b. the availability heuristic. c. base rate information. d. biased sampling.

a.

Aoi is from Japan. If you want her to think analytically, what will you have to do? a. prime analytical thinking with pictures or a story b. prime holistic thinking with pictures or a story c. it doesn't matter what you do, she cannot think analytically because of her culture d. tell her you want her to think analytically

a.

Applying the lessons learned from Rosenthal and Jacobson, if you wanted your child to succeed, what would be the best nickname for him? a. Champ b. Buddy c. Pipsqueak d. Rascal

a.

Assume that you want to avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy the next time you meet someone who fits a schema that you hold. According to work on the On Automatic Pilot: Low-Effort Thinking described in the text, what should you do? You should make sure that a. you're not preoccupied with other things. b. you let the other person direct the conversation. c. your schema has worked in the past. d. you seek out evidence that contradicts your schema.

a.

At the grocery store, mothers often keep children busy by letting them "drive" the cart. Little do the children realize that the steering wheel they are playing with does not control anything. This example demonstrates our sometimes misplaced sense of control over a. free will and our own behavior. b. self-esteem and our own feelings. c. schemas and their contents. d. heuristics and their processes.

a.

Based on your reading of Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), who would you predict would be more frustrated: Katie, who missed an "A" by one point, or James, who missed an "A" by five points? a. Katie, because it's easier for her to imagine getting one more test item right b. James, because it's harder for him to imagine an alternative outcome c. Katie, because she and James studied together d. James, because he and Katie studied together

a.

Blair's co-worker, Susan, asks her, "Am I a good employee?" Blair hadn't really thought about it before, but using the availability heuristic, which of the following thought processes is she most likely to have? a. Blair recalls the last few times she's seen Susan do a good job, and tells her yes. b. Blair makes a list of every behavior Susan has done in the organization before answering. c. Blair uses the oldest information she can recall about Susan's performance. d. Blair makes a snap judgment based on what she thinks Susan wants to hear.

a.

Ethan and Heather see a man stumbling around as he walks down the street. Ethan, who belongs to Alcoholics Anonymous, thinks the man is drunk, but Heather, who just watched a TV special on Michael J. Fox, thinks the man has Parkinson's disease. These differing interpretations of the same behavior seem to be caused by Ethan and Heather's differences in a. accessibility. b. current goals. c. stereotypes. d. self-fulfilling prophecies.

a.

Eva runs an unscrupulous organization that attempts to scam money from people while posing as a charity. Based on the research by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007), the best strategy for doing this involves a. mentioning fairness several times in the brochures b. putting happy pictures on the brochures c. telling potential donors they are "stars" d. mentioning potential donors' names several times

a.

If both Chinese and Americans are comparing two pieces of art, the Americans are most likely to notice a. differences in the foreground. b. the color schemes. c. differences in how objects are oriented. d. differences in brushstrokes.

a.

Isaac is on an interview for a job for which he is well qualified. However, he is worried that some of the people may have negative schemas about his ethnicity and that they may shape his behavior on the interview with self-fulfilling prophecies. Of the people he meets with (listed below), who is the least likely to use self-fulfilling prophecies? a. Tyler, who is paying close attention to Isaac, and wants to make an accurate judgment of him b. Lisa, who wants to make an accurate judgment, but can't stop thinking about her report due next week c. Jorge, who is paying close attention to the interview, but isn't very motivated to be accurate because he has no say in the hiring decision d. Jasmine, who is preoccupied with a toothache, but has the final say in whether Isaac gets the job

a.

The study by Rosenthal and Jacobson on self-fulfilling prophecies concluded that the teachers treated the "bloomers" in class differently than the other children. If you behaved similarly with a child or younger sibling, how might you behave? a. Providing more constructive feedback. b. Giving extra time to do their homework. c. Giving less time to respond to questions. d. Scolding the child when they get an answer wrong.

a.

What is the major advantage of processing information automatically? a. We can use our cognitive resources for other, more important matters. b. Automatic processing yields more accurate judgments than does controlled processing. c. It is easier to learn how to process information automatically. d. Automatic processing is more easily modified than controlled processing.

a.

When Robin meets her friend's new roommate, she sees that she has easels and paints strewn about, and has decorated her side of the room with lots of hand-made ceramic pots and paintings. At first, Robin is most likely a. to use her "artistic" person schema and assume that her friend's roommate is free-thinking and creative. b. not to make any assumptions about her friend's roommate's preferences and tastes. c. to use her "artistic" person schema and focus on her friend's roommate's deviations from the schema, such as the fact that she is majoring in business. d. to change her "artistic" person schema when she discovers that her friend's roommate is a business major.

a.

When asked a question during Trivial Pursuit, Sylvia is certain that her answer is correct, even though her teammates disagree. Sylvia cannot be persuaded by her teammates to reconsider how accurate her response is. She is demonstrating the a. overconfidence barrier. b. priming effect. c. availability heuristic. d. monitoring process.

a.

When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of the New Yorker Review of Books. You think, "Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me." You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your a. schemas. b. memories. c. intuitions. d. heuristics.

a.

You wrongly assume that because of Linda's short hair, unshaved legs, and liberal views she is a political activist. Your (incorrect) assumption was based on the a. representativeness heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. anchoring and adjustment heuristic. d. self-fulfilling prophecy.

a.

Your roommate questions how charitable you really are. She says to you, "Give me just one example of the last time you gave money to a homeless person." Odds are that her challenge will convince you that you really are a generous person. Based on research by Schwarz and his colleagues (1991), why is that? a. It's easy to bring to mind one example that supports your self-schema. b. Your roommate's challenge makes you feel defensive and threatens your self-esteem. c. Homeless people are representative of people who need our help. d. It's easier to think of "actuals" than counterfactuals.

a.

Alice goes to see a rerun of Jaws (a movie about a vicious shark) a few days before she takes off to Florida on spring break. On break, she finds that she is now too nervous to spend much time actually in the water, since she is convinced that anything she sees in the water is a shark. Her heightened sensitivity is due to a. self-fulfilling prophecy. b. priming. c. anchoring and adjustment. d. representativeness.

b.

Allison is a very sweet, intelligent, amicable person. However, Joe hears from her ex-boyfriend that she is hard to get along with and very snobby. According to research on the self-fulfilling prophecy, Joe acts in a(n) a. neutral way toward Allison, even though he has heard bad things about her. b. unfriendly way toward Allison. This in turn causes Allison to act unfriendly toward Joe, and Joe to believe that her exboyfriend was right about her. c. unfriendly way toward Allison, yet he finds her to be very amicable and decides that her ex-boyfriend must not know her very well. d. friendly way toward Allison even though he has heard bad things about her, and finds her to be much friendlier than her ex-boyfriend said she was.

b.

Carol has a subtle "Mona Lisa" smile that is much harder to detect than an obvious toothy grin. Assume that before you met Carol, a mutual friend described her as warm and friendly. The first time Carol smiled at you, if you were to rely on your schemas, you would probably conclude that she is a. bored talking to you. b. a friendly person. c. a cool, aloof person. d. very hard to read.

b.

Fidan wrecked his dad's car. When his dad got home from work, Fidan met him at the door with a cold beer and his favorite magazine. The smell from his dad's favorite meal was wafting through the house, and his dad's favorite CD was playing. Fidan is trying to use ________ to get his father to think of him as a good, responsible son before he tells him about the car. a. representativeness heuristic b. priming c. controlled thinking d. counterfactual thinking

b.

If the research on priming and metaphors is correct, what should your organization do if it wants to raise money for its service project? a. make sure there are lights on the table where volunteers sit to raise money b. make sure volunteers offer candy at the table where they sit to raise money c. make sure there are pleasant smells around the table where volunteers sit to raise money d. make sure there is loud music at the table where the volunteers sit to raise money

b.

Instead of considering every single brand and variety of pasta sauce at the grocery store, most people make quick decisions about which one to purchase. This is an example of how people use a. self-fulfilling prophecies. b. judgmental heuristics. c. controlled processes. d. priming.

b.

It is ________ to miss a bus by five minutes than to miss it by an hour because ________. a. less distressing; you don't have to wait as long for the next bus b. more distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus c. less distressing; it's easier to imagine what you might have done to catch the bus d. more distressing; images of the people waiting for you are more available in memory

b.

James has a goal of being able to run a marathon by next year. When he sees a woman dart out of a store and start running he immediately thinks, "Oh, she must be a runner too!" rather than, "She's a shoplifter trying to get away." Which of the following is the best explanation for why one schema was accessible rather than another? a. chronic accessibility due to past experience b. a current goal c. base-rate information d. applicability of priming

b.

Jason cannot stop thinking about the fact that because he turned in his term paper late, he missed getting an "A" in the class. He repetitively focuses on this negative part of the class; in other words, his counterfactual thinking has turned into a. thought suppression. b. rumination. c. heuristics. d. controlled thinking.

b.

Julie sees an Asian couple at the New York City Zoo. According to __________, she may assume they are foreigners touring the area, but according to __________, she should assume that given the low tourism rate in her town, they are actually local residents. a. base rate information; availability heuristic b. representativeness heuristic; base rate information c. availability heuristic; base rate information d. representativeness heuristic; availability heuristic

b.

Ms. Honeywell is an elementary school teacher who maintains that in her thirty-five years of experience, boys just tend to do better at math than girls. Recently, she has read a number of studies that show that girls and boys actually have about the same 22 Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. level of math ability. Based on information about how teachers create and sustain self-fulfilling prophecies, what is Ms. Honeywell most likely to think about the study results? a. "Well, I guess everyone is wrong once in a while—maybe boys and girls are the same." b. "I don't buy it—three times as many boys as girls in my classes have excelled at math." c. "Come to think of it, I think girls may actually be better than boys." d. "Who cares, girls are better than boys at reading anyway—the differences even out."

b.

Recall the words of Dr. Robert Marion, who was the first physician to correctly diagnose a nine-year-old girl with a rare disease: "Doctors are just like everyone else. We go to the movies, watch TV, read newspapers and novels. If we happen to see a patient who has symptoms of a rare disease that was featured on the previous night's 'Movie of the Week,' we're more likely to consider that condition when making a diagnosis." In essence, Dr. Marion is describing the ________ heuristic. a. representativeness b. availability c. primacy d. counterfactual

b.

Research demonstrated that physical sensation can activate metaphors that influence our judgments about unrelated topics. If you wanted students to take your petition seriously, you should present the information about it a. on a piece of paper they can take with them. b. on a heavy tablet. c. on a light clipboard. d. verbally rather than written.

b.

Research has demonstrated that metaphors about the body and social judgments influence how we think and the decisions we make. If that is true, the next time you are feeling lonely and as if the world is a cold, heartless place, what should you do and why? a. clean your room because it is associated with "washing away sins" b. hold a warm beverage in your hands because warmth is associated with friendliness c. carry something heavy because that is associated with "carrying the weight of the world" d. take a nap because "life is but a dream"

b.

The fact that students "instantly" know the difference between a classroom and a party is an example of a(n) a. controlled thinking. b. automatic thinking. c. schema. d. social cognition.

b.

Tiffany has a hard time trusting other people her age because she believes they are irresponsible. Accordingly, when she makes dinner plans with one friend, she also makes backup plans with someone else, and she goes to one or the other. Her friends soon in turn begin to "blow off" their arrangements since it is not clear whether or not Tiffany will show up. Tiffany has created a. a confirmation bias. b. a self-fulfilling prophecy. c. counterfactual thinking. d. controlled unbelieving.

b.

When Ashley first starts typing, she uses the "hunt and peck" method and finds typing very effortful. Now, after taking a typing class, she feels like her papers practically type themselves once she figures out what she wants to say. This change in her typing reflects a shift from a. automatic to controlled thinking. b. controlled to automatic thinking. c. emotional to cognitive thinking. d. cognitive to emotional thinking.

b.

When Matilda met Joe, she instantly categorized him as a nerd because of his appearance and intense interest in technology and mathematics. Matilda's categorization is an example of her use of a. scripts. b. schemas. c. controlled processes. d. base rate information.

b.

When asked to guess whether Mark is from Montana or California, you guess California because more people live in California. You have used ________ in making your decision. a. the representativeness heuristic b. base rate information c. the availability heuristic d. counterfactual thinking

b.

Which of the following is not a typical example of the kind of knowledge that is contained in a schema? Your knowledge a. of the typical character traits and behaviors of lawyers. b. of the first date when you spilled red punch all over your partner. c. that fairy tales begin, "Once upon a time...." d. that it is common to leave a 15-percent tip when dining at an eat-in restaurant.

b.

Which of the following is not an example of automatic thinking? a. forming a first impression of someone within seconds of meeting him or her b. conducting a search on the Internet c. having a sense of whether an object is near or far from us d. driving down the highway while also carrying on a conversation

b.

You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in a. self-justification. b. counterfactual thinking. c. wish fulfillment. d. unrealistic fantasy.

b.

Assume that the winning lottery ticket was purchased at the convenience store just around the corner from your house. According to research on counterfactual thinking, you would probably feel worse than if the winning ticket had been purchased all the way across the state, because a. you could easily remember what it was like to struggle to make every penny count. b. it would be easy to imagine all the wonderful things you could do with the prize. c. you could think back on a dozen opportunities that you had to buy the winning ticket, but didn't. d. you would assume that the local winner is similar to you.

c.

Ava is at a party, deep in conversation with her friends. Suddenly, she hears her name mentioned in another conversation and her attention turns to monitor that conversation. Clearly, Ava had been unconsciously monitoring the other conversations. Such experiences demonstrate the a. representativeness heuristic. b. effects of priming. c. cocktail party effect. d. availability heuristic.

c.

Based on the study by Harold Kelley (1950) presented in your text, if you were to describe yourself to a blind date as being witty, how would she be most likely to view a slightly sarcastic comment you make? a. as rude b. as insensitive c. as being funny and witty d. as extremely sarcastic

c.

Based on the study by Shariff and Norenzayan (2007) presented in your text, if you pass by several churches, then a block or so later a homeless person asks you for change, how are you likely to behave? a. You would probably take the person to the churches you passed to get help. b. You would be very unlikely to give the person money. c. You would be more likely to give the person money. d. Passing by churches would not prime you to give more money, but passing by banks might.

c.

Christopher is considering breaking up with his high-school sweetheart. He spends many hours weighing the benefits and drawbacks, he asks his friends for advice, and he thinks about it further before coming to his decision. In this case, Christopher is using a. automatic thinking. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. controlled thinking. d. self-fulfilling prophecies.

c.

Consider the results from a study by Miyamoto and colleagues in which participants viewed either photos of U.S. city scenes or Japanese city scenes, then were asked to detect differences between two similar pictures. Based on their findings, if an American was touring in Tokyo, Japan, which of the following aspects of a picture would she be most likely to pick up on? a. foreground b. objects c. background d. contrasting colors

c.

Diana currently has a goal to lose fifteen pounds by the summer, and she notices that lately her friend, Sarah, hasn't been eating much. Based on your text's discussion of how current goals can affect accessibility, how is Diana most likely to interpret Sarah's behavior? a. Sarah is ill and has no appetite. b. Sarah has symptoms of depression. c. Sarah must be on a diet too. d. Sarah must not like the food.

c.

If you grew up in a household with a brother who was morbidly shy, you might have a different belief about a man you meet who avoids dating women than a person who grew up in a household with a brother who was gay. This difference in interpretation is due to differences in your and the other person's a. schemas for gay men and shy men. b. prejudices against gays. c. chronic accessibility of gay vs. shy schemas. d. temporary priming of gay vs. shy schemas.

c.

Isabella goes to a fortune teller who tells her, "You are the type of person who is very outgoing and sociable, yet at times you enjoy being alone." Isabella thinks this captures her personality amazingly well, because she finds many instances in her memories of such behaviors. Isabella has just fallen prey to the a. base rate heuristic. b. priming effect. c. Barnum effect. d. self-fulfilling prophecy.

c.

New professors often have to concentrate very hard to give a lecture, and monitor themselves carefully to make sure they're not talking too fast and that they are using appropriate and clear examples. More seasoned professors do not have to concentrate as much, and can talk clearly and engagingly, and keep an eye on students all at the same time. This example represents the transition from ________ thinking to ________ thinking as professors gain experience. a. automatic; controlled b. unconscious; conscious c. controlled; automatic d. random; systematic

c.

The first day of class, Maria absolutely loved her new social psychology professor, but Daniel couldn't stand her. If their interpretations were influenced by schemas, in all likelihood, Maria had heard ________, whereas Daniel had heard ________. a. that the professor was great; nothing about the professor b. nothing about the professor; that the professor was horrible c. that the professor was great; that the professor was horrible d. that the professor was an introvert; that the professor was an extravert

c.

Tom and Julius are both in line for a movie, but it sells out before either of them can get tickets. Tom is the last person in line, but Julius is directly behind the person who got the last ticket. Based on the idea of counterfactual reasoning, why will Julius be more upset than Tom? a. Julius wanted to see the movie more than Tom did. b. Julius got there earlier than Tom did, so he felt he deserved to see the movie. c. It was easier for Julius to imagine how he could have gotten a ticket. d. Julius won't be more upset than Tom.

c.

When Becky meets her new roommate, she sees that she has her hair dyed blue and has decorated her side of the room with lots of handmade ceramic pots and paintings. She then assumes that her roommate has multiple piercings and listens to punk rock. She has used the ________ heuristic in making this assumption. a. base rate b. availability c. representativeness d. anchoring and adjustment

c.

When Jana was chiding herself for losing her favorite necklace and reciting a list of all the things she could have done to prevent the loss, her grandmother said, "Now, Jana. Don't cry over spilled milk." In essence, Jana's grandmother was advising her to a. use base rates rather than the representativeness heuristic. b. avoid the self-fulfilling prophecy. c. stop engaging in counterfactual thinking. d. adjust her judgment farther away from the anchor.

c.

Which of the following decisions would you be least likely to make via automatic thinking? A decision about what a. brand of shampoo to buy. b. to wear to class today. c. major to pursue. d. to order for dinner.

c.

Which of the following provides the best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? a. A lawyer asks you to describe the last fight you were in and the jury now believes you have a pronounced history of aggressive behavior, even though that was your only fight. b. A person tries to bring a shy person out of her shell by acting in a very friendly manner. c. Due to a rumor of a stock market crash, Wall Street has a significant drop when too many people take their money out of the market. d. You remember that your waitress friend prefers beer to wine, but mistakenly recall that your librarian friend prefers wine to beer.

c.

Winston is looking for a job, and he notices a man in the coffee shop wearing a tie and white shirt, working on his computer, while also flipping through the ads in the paper. Based on your text's discussion of how current goals can affect accessibility, how is Winston most likely to interpret the man's behavior? a. The man must be waiting on a client. b. The man must be depressed. c. The man must be looking for a job too. d. The man must be angry and tired.

c.

You are listening to a radio broadcast which describes a person who donated a kidney to a complete stranger in need of a transplant, when the phone rings and the fireman's association asks you to make a donation. The idea of priming suggests that you will a. be less likely to make a donation because your self-esteem has been threatened by realizing that you will never be as saintly as the person in the story. b. be more likely to make a donation because you feel in a good mood after hearing the heartwarming story. c. be more likely to make a donation because the schema of being charitable has been made more accessible. d. not be affected in your likelihood of making a donation by the radio broadcast.

c.

You have just arrived for your first year of college, but your roommate, Leah, is nowhere to be found. Your next-door neighbor, Tim, tells you that he's met Leah, and that she's really shy and introverted. If you wanted to counteract the self-fulfilling prophecy, what might you do when you meet Leah? a. Ask her if she likes to spend a lot of time alone. b. Ask her what books she's read lately. c. Try to get her to talk about fun activities she did in high school. d. Be quiet and shy yourself, so as not to intimidate her.

c.

You've rented the movie Sophie's Choice. There is a scene in which Sophie, a recent immigrant from Poland, is both surprised and amused that Americans have so many words for the concept "fast." She reports that in Polish, there is only one word. You've just read Chapter 3 (Social Cognition), and a friend asks you why the cultures differ in that regard. What would you say? a. English has borrowed more words from foreign languages than has Polish. b. Polish has different roots than does English. c. Poles don't have well-developed schemas for the concept "fast." d. Americans are generally better educated than Poles.

c.

Your roommate is interested in dating Chris, whom you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Chris is generally a considerate person. You remember how Chris lent you notes when you missed class last week, and tell your roommate you think Chris is very considerate. In making your judgment, you have relied upon the ________ heuristic. a. representativeness b. base rate c. availability d. counterfactual thinking

c.

Zuzanna had a hard time remembering the names of streets when she traveled because they were in a different language. In addition, the buildings did not look like what she was used to, so she got lost several times. These problems emphasize the role of schemas in a. influencing what we notice and remember b. influencing how we feel about people c. determining what is accessible d. determining how much cognitive activity we need to use

c.

A teenager wants to borrow the family car to go to an out-of-town concert. Her parents resist the idea. Based on the results of the research study on the effects of generating different numbers of examples of behavior described in your text, the teenager in question is most likely to view her parents as stubborn and unreasonable when they say to her, a. "Give us five reasons why you should be allowed to borrow the car." b. "Tell us again what you would do if the car broke down." c. "How many other friends are going with you?" d. "Give us one reason why we shouldn't worry ourselves to death."

d.

According to the authors of your text, people raised in which of the following countries would be most likely to have a holistic thinking style? a. United States b. Italy c. Great Britain d. China

d.

Based on the study by Nisbett and his colleagues on statistical reasoning across four disciplines, which person would you count on to solve a statistical reasoning problem accurately? a. a physician b. a chemist c. a lawyer d. a psychologist

d.

Consider information from the authors of your text about the availability heuristic. If you wanted to improve customer satisfaction survey ratings for your company, which of the following would you ask customers in terms of their suggestions for improvement? a. Don't ask them for any criticisms or suggestions for improvement. b. Ask them to list their biggest criticism/suggestion. c. Ask them to list as many as they can. d. Ask them to list ten criticisms/suggestions.

d.

Iain is from Australia, where people drive on the left-hand side of the road. When he moved to the United States, his accident rate was higher than any of his friends'. Why might this be? a. They don't have drivers' education courses in Australia. b. Iain had no schema for driving behaviors. c. There is no speed limit in Australia. d. Driving schemas differ between the United States and Australia.

d.

If you were a researcher studying self-fulfilling prophecies, when would you warn students that they are most likely to occur? a. when we have positive expectations rather than negative ones b. when we are children more so than for adults c. later rather than earlier in relationships d. when we are distracted more so than when we are not distracted

d.

In trying to decide which of two classmates is smarter, you use the rule, "the faster people talk, the smarter they are," so you choose the classmate who talks faster. You have applied a ________ to decide who is smarter. a. systematic judgment b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. cultural truism d. judgmental heuristic

d.

Jacob's friend, Tom asks him, "Do you think I'm short-tempered?" Jacob had never really thought about how short-tempered or calm Tom was until he had asked. Nonetheless, Jacob was able to provide him a quick answer. What social cognitive process was most likely involved in this judgment? a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. controlled thinking c. base rate heuristic d. availability heuristic

d.

Jennifer was walking along the street when she saw a man run out of a convenience store clutching on to a bag. The owner of the store runs out and shouts for the man to stop and come back. Jennifer immediately assumes that there has been a robbery, not that the man was in a hurry and forgot his change. How did she fill in this gap in her knowledge of the situation? a. She was using the base rate heuristic. b. She considered self-fulfilling prophecies. c. She was using racial profiling. d. She was relying on a schema.

d.

Karen is so used to driving to her boyfriend's house that when she is taking her little brother to softball practice early one morning, before she is fully awake, she finds herself driving to her boyfriend's house instead. This is an example of a. judgmental heuristics. b. counterfactual thinking. c. controlled thinking. d. automatic thinking.

d.

Nao was raised in Japan, and is walking through Times Square in New York City. Based on results from Nisbett' s studies on cultural differences in thinking styles, which of the following would Nao be most likely to notice relative to people raised in the U.S.? a. the number of people b. the advertisements c. the number of homeless people d. how the buildings are arranged relative to each other

d.

Warren believes that Tom is an outgoing, gregarious person. "Whom did you hang out with this weekend?" Warren asks Tom. "Tell me about all of the fun things that you have planned for the summer," Warren continues. Although Tom is usually rather quiet and reserved, he responds to Warren in an outgoing, friendly manner. This is an example of a. the perseverance effect. b. the primacy effect. c. reconstructive memory. d. a self-fulfilling prophecy.

d.

When most Americans walk into a fast food restaurant chain, they know they should walk up to the counter to order, pay, and pick up their food, rather than sit down and wait to be served. This knowledge of how to act in such a situation is called a a. controlled thinking. b. stereotype. c. counterfactual thought. d. schema.

d.

Which of the following decisions would you be most likely to make via automatic thinking? A decision about a. whether to pursue treatment of cancer using radiation or chemotherapy. b. which graduate program to attend. c. which apartment to rent. d. which person to talk to at a cocktail party.

d.

You are taking a university course with a combined graduate and undergraduate enrollment. You know that there are many more undergraduate than graduate students enrolled in this course. There is a woman who looks to be about thirty sitting next to you. If you use only the base rate to guess her student status, you would guess that she is a(n) ________ student because ________. a. graduate; she's older b. undergraduate; you have a bias to expect undergraduates in your courses c. graduate; she fits your schema for graduate students d. undergraduate; there are more of them enrolled in the class

d.