social psych exam 3

Although many things can get in the way of groups collectively performing well, there are a few strategies that can help make groups more effective. Which one of these options is a strategy that can be used to increase group effectiveness?

All of these are strategies that could increase group effectiveness -Make sure the group sets challenging but attainable goals themselves -Ensure that individual contributions are identifiable -Encourage group members to play devil's advocate

Which of these factors in NOT considered a situational determinant of conformity?

An individual's level of authoritarianism

Legitimate power

Authority that comes from a belief on the part of those being influenced that the person has a legitimate right to demand obedience

collective self-esteem

Feelings of self-worth that are based on evaluation of relationships with others and membership in social groups.

Alvin and Gloria are on a game show where collectively they just won $100,000. As a part of the show they must now individually decide whether they will volunteer to split the money or try to steal it all for themselves. Once they have privately made their decision to split or steal, they will share their decisions with each other. If they both choose split, they split the money evenly. If they both choose steal, they both get nothing. If one chooses split while the other chooses steal, the one who chose to steal will take home the full $100k. If Alvin has a pro-social orientation and Gloria has a pro-self orientation, which of these situations is most likely?

Gloria chooses to steal, Alvin chooses to split

According to research, there are both costs and benefits to group member diversity. Which of these options is a benefit of group member diversity?

Groups that are more diverse may have a diverse set of perspectives thus improving creative thinking

Referent power

Influence based on identification with, attraction to, or respect for the power-holder

Which of these individuals would be less likely to perform an action they disagreed with due to the influence of an authority figure?

Mohammad, who rates high on social intelligence

Expert power

Power that comes from others' beliefs that the power-holder possesses superior skills and abilities

In one of his social groups, Jaime is well regarded for being likable and respected. What kind of power does Jaime likely have in this social group?

Referent power

Reward power

The ability to distribute positive or negative rewards

Coercive power

The power to punish others

Teamwork

The process by which members of the team combine their knowledge, skills, abilities, and other resources through a coordinated series of actions to produce an outcome

Group cohesion

The solidarity or unity of a group resulting from the development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds among members and group-level forces that unify the group

adjourning stage

The stage that occurs when a team has completed its task and the team is disbanded.

performing stage

The stage that occurs when team members adopt and play roles that enhance the activities of the group.

storming stage

The stage that occurs when team members experience conflicts about interpersonal issues and differences in perspectives.

According to social facilitation, the presence of others will probably improve performance when:

The task is simple and well-learned

disjunctive task

When the group's performance is determined by the best group member

Which of the following best illustrates the power of societal norms in shaping behavior?

Women do more than 50% of the housework and childcare in heterosexual marriages

social inhibition

a decrease in performance in front of a crowd

fixed-sum outcomes

a gain for one side necessarily means a loss for the other side or sides

prisoner's dilemma game

a laboratory simulation that models a social dilemma in which the goals of the individual compete with the goals of another individual (or sometimes with a group of other individuals)

social group

a set of individuals with a shared purpose and who normally share a positive social identity

social dilemma

a situation in which the goals of the individual conflict with the goals of the group

role stress

a social condition in which role demands are conflicting irritating, or impossible to fulfill

harvesting dilemma

a social dilemma leads people to overuse an existing public good

integrative outcomes

a solution can be found that benefits all the parties

psychological reactance

a strong motivational state that resists social influence

intellective task

a task in which the goal of the group is to make a decision or a judgment

criterion task

a task in which the group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed

unitary task

a task that has to be done all at once and cannot be divided up

maximizing task

a task that involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works or how much of a product they are able to make

conscientiousness

a tendency to be responsible, orderly, and dependable

authoritarianism

a tendency to prefer things to be simple rather than complex and to hold traditional values

arbitration

a type of third-party intervention that avoids negotiation as well as the necessity of any meetings between the parties in conflict

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

social intelligence

an ability to develop a clear perception of the situation using situational cues

devil's advocate

an individual who is given the job of expressing conflicting opinions and forcing the group (in a noncombative way) to fully discuss all the alternatives

competition

attempt to gain as many of the limited rewards as possible for ourselves, and at the same time we may work to reduce the likelihood of success for the other parties

Collective action

attempts on the part of one group to change the social status hierarchy by improving the status of their own group relative to others

normative social influence

behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

Cooperation

behavior that occurs when we trust the people or groups with whom we are interacting and are willing to communicate and share with the others

social fairness norms

beliefs about how people should be treated fairly

Procedural fairness

beliefs about the fairness (or unfairness) of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among parties

Public goods

benefits that are shared by a community at large and that everyone in the group has access to, regardless of whether or not they have personally contributed to the creation of the goods

Public compliance

conforming only outwardly to fit in with a group without changing private beliefs

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

conformity

Tressa and Arnold are playing at recess and they decide to create a new game. They work out the rules, get a few other kids involved, and have fun with this project of theirs. Their coordinated efforts are an example of ________.

cooperation

Ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

divisible task

each of the group members working on the job can do a separate part of the job at the same time

Social comparison

evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

Social dilemmas can create conflict between individuals, especially in situations when outcomes may benefit some but not all group members. In situations where a gain for one side means a loss for the other side, what type of outcome is this?

fixed-sum

Stages of group development

forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning

process loss

getting less from the team than you would expect, based on the capabilities of its individual members

Greg and Richard live in a neighborhood where there is a community garden. Each is allowed to take fruit and vegetables for their own family, but they must also remember that if they take too much the garden will fail and nobody will be able to benefit from it. This is similar to a ________ game.

harvester's dilemma

agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

Alexa is a part of a work group that she deeply identifies with. After the group finishes a big project together she thinks to herself how great her group is and that they accomplish so much more than other work groups in her organization. In reality, her group performs just as well as the rest of the work groups. What is this an example of?

illusion of group effectivity

Social facilitation

improved performance of tasks in the presence of others; occurs with simple or well-learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet mastered

Communication has been shown to _____ cooperation because it gives both parties a chance to assess each other's _____.

increase; trustworthiness

dual-concern model of cooperation and competition

individuals will relate to social dilemmas, or other forms of conflict, in different ways, depending on their underlying personal orientations or as influenced by the characteristics of the situation that orient them toward a given concern

Nora is very excited about going to the beach on one sunny morning. Before leaving her home she turns on the weather channel to check the daily report. The meteorologist brings on a dermatologist who reminds all of the viewers to put on sunscreen to protect themselves while out in the sun. Nora immediately applies sunscreen before leaving for the beach. Which of the following concepts explains Nora's behavior?

informational influence

tit-for-tat strategy`

initially making a cooperative choice and then simply matching the previous move of the opponent (whether cooperation or competition)

blaming the victim

interpreting the negative outcomes that occur to others internally so that it seems that they deserved them

Mediation

involves helping to create compromise by using third-party negotiation

Negotiation

is the process by which two or more parties formally work together to attempt to resolve a perceived divergence of interest in order to avoid or resolve social conflict

Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises in order to avoid being rejected by his colleagues. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?

normative influence

Social conventional morality

norms that are seen as appropriate within a culture but that do not involve behaviors that relate to doing good or doing harm toward others

Majority influence

occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail

Shared mental model

organized way for team members to think about how the team will work; helps team members understand and predict the behavior of their teammates

Paulette recently irritated some of the girls in a sorority at her college, so they have decided to exclude her from their group. The group of girls ignores Paulette-- shuns her-- and communicates that she is not welcome at their events. The group of sorority sisters is using ________ to communicate their displeasure with Paulette.

ostracism

distributive fairness

our judgments about whether or not a party is receiving a fair share of the available rewards

mindguards

self-appointed protectors against adverse information and to increase conformity to the leader's opinions

Suppose a small town were to decide that dancing was not appropriate in their town and passed a law to ban all forms of dancing. What kind of social/cultural norm would be motivating these thoughts and actions?

social conventional morality

People with low status are often faced with the task of reconciling their low status. In a situation in which a low status individual does not accept their low status as a proper functioning of society and is unable to mobilize other group members, this low status individual will most likely engage in _____________ to make themselves feel better about their social identity

social creativity

The idea that one's self-concept and self-esteem is affected by the way in which an individual categorizes him- or herself as a group member is called ________ theory.

social identity

Ingrid goes to a community build of a new playground where dozens have people have shown up to lend a hand. Ingrid doesn't really want to help, so she makes sure to take the easiest tasks possible, and puts very little effort into them. She does not think her lack of effort will matter or will be noticed. Ingrid is demonstrating ________.

social loafing

social norms

socially accepted beliefs about what we do or should do in particular social contexts

injunctive norms

specify how group members are expected to behave

Charlotte is forming a new medieval singing group on her college campus. There are 12 singers involved, and they are trying to determine how the group will exist. Right now there is a lot of disagreement and conflict among the singers, and they are trying to determine a solution that will make everyone happy. According to Tuckman's model, the group is in the ________ stage.

storming

prescriptive norms

tell us what we should do

proscriptive norms

tell us what we should not do

Common knowledge effect

tendency for group discussions to focus on info that all members know

Group polarization

tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group

illusion of group effectivity

tendency to overvalue the level of productivity of our ingroups

harm-based morality

that harming others, either physically or by violating their rights, is wrong

Social power

the ability of a person to create conformity even when the people being influenced may attempt to resist those changes

false consciousness

the acceptance of one's own low status as part of the proper and normal functioning of society

minority influence

the beliefs held by the smaller number of individuals in the current social group prevail

Informational social influence

the change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people who we believe have accurate information

interdependence

the dependence of two or more people or things on each other.

social influence

the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior

group process

the events that occur while the group is working on the task

compensatory (averaging) task

the group input is combined such that the performance of the individuals is averaged rather than added

conjunctive task

the group product is determined by the individual with the poorest performance

additive task

the group product is the sum of all the members' contributions

Sociometer model

the idea that a basic function of self-esteem is to indicate to the individual how much he or she is accepted by other people

Social identity theory

the idea that ingroups consist of individuals who perceive themselves to be members of the same social category and experience pride through their group membership

social impact

the increase in the amount of conformity that is produced by adding new members to the majority group

System justification theory has been proposed to explain how low status individuals accept their low status in situations of inequality. Which of these situations is less likely to foster system justification beliefs in a low status individual?

the lower status person compares themselves to a higher status person

moral reasoning

the manner in which one makes ethical judgments

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

dominant response

the most common response in a given situation

conflict

the parties involved engage in violence and hostility

entitativity

the perception, either by the group members themselves or by others, that the people together are a group.

morality beliefs

the set of social norms that describe the principles and ideals, as well as the duties and obligations, that we view as appropriate and that we use to judge the actions of others and to guide our own behavior

Social loafing

the tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task

Social creativity

the use of strategies that allow members of low-status groups to perceive their group as better than other groups

judgmental task

there is no clearly correct answer to the problem

outcome bias

we naturally tend to look too much at the outcome when we evaluate decision making

not invented here bias

when group members overvalue their own group's ideas and products over those of other groups

Realistic group conflict

when groups are in competition for objectively scarce resources

process gain

when team outcomes are greater than expected, based on the capabilities of the individual members

norming stage

when the appropriate norms and roles for the group are developed

forming stage

when the members of the group come together and begin their existence as a group

contributions dilemma

when the short-term costs of a behavior lead individuals to avoid performing it, and this may prevent the long-term benefits that would have occurred if the behaviors had been performed