Social Psych Exam 4

Aggression cues, who's research incorporated these into their studies

- Research done by Leonard Berkowitz - Intervening variable toward triggering aggression EX- driving by an Ex's house would be the cue

experiment by Batson

- Students receive fake shocks - Student complain of bad experience with shock as a child. Participants asked if they wanted to trade places. More likely to trade if they look similar on any basis- hair color, skin color, clothes - Empathy-altruism hypothesis

Know the effects of exposure to violence in TV/movies, How many TVs in US (mentioned in lecture)

- increases probability of aggressive behavior - So shocking that cannot remember ads because trying to compose our body - Social Learning?

Kenneth Moyer's types of aggression

1. Predatory- animal stalks, catches, kills its prey 2. Intermale- male attacks strange male 3. Maternal-mother assaults perceived threat to her young 4. Sex-related male becomes aggressive with sex-related stimuli - The more pornography that's watched the more likely sexual violence will occur 5. Fear-induced- Felt cornered and unable to escape- hit the person to escape 6. Irritable-annoyed person attacks an aggressor - When the amygdala is stimulated due to an allergy= more irritable 7. Instrumental useful in achieving a goal or objective 8. Territorial- defense territory against intrusion

Altman's work on human territories

1. Primary- we exclusively have rights here- you pay for it, you operate it- central to who you are in your life - Putting up a fence around house?- territorial 2. Secondary-- Less central and usually not as clear who owns it- for a period of time you own it- sitting in your seat 3. Public--temporally claim an area- putting towel on the beach 4. Interaction--area around 2 or more people talking- talking with crush, want to kiss, someone comes up and talks about weather

One aspect of the empathy-altruism hypothesis states that we are more likely to help others if they are: a. Similar to us b. Unfamiliar c. Elderly d. New to us

A

The suggestion that people acquire their aggressive behaviors from direct experiences or from observing aggressive models is based on the perspective of: a. Albert Bandura's social learning b. Leonard Berkowitz's aggressive cues c. Konrad Lorenz's territorial aggression d. Sigmund Freud's death wish

A

When provocation is present, gender differences in aggression tend to _______________. a. Shrink or disappear b. Increase c. Become more apparent d. Stay the same

A

Albert Bandura's social learning perspective

Acquire aggressive behaviors from direct experiences from observing aggressive models (behavior we observe)

Theories of helping behavior

Also known as Altruism. - No one really knows why this exists - Based on an unselfish concern for another's welfare - Genetic determined vs altruistic personality- neither factally proved. E.O. Wilson= Genetic

As is consistent with contemporary gender differences of empathy, during the Nazi Holocaust, it was more likely for (non-Jewish German) ______________ to help rescue Jews. a. Men b. Women

B

Choosing to help one individual from a large group of individuals in need is known as: a. Inclusive fitness b. Selective altruism c. Reciprocal altruism d. Implicit bystander effect

B

This type of aggression is sometimes useful in achieving a particular goal or objective: a. Territorial Aggression b. Instrumental Aggression c. Maternal Aggression d. Irritable Aggression

B

Freud's idea of a death wish that becomes redirected toward others as aggression is: a. The frustration-aggression hypothesis b. The weapon effect c. Thantos d. Violence

C

The probability of a prosocial response to an emergency is influenced by the number of bystanders present is know as: a. Bystander indifference b. Social dilemma c. Bystander effect d. Cost Benefit Analysis

C

The negative-state relief model is the idea that we sometimes engage in ____________ to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause. a. Aggressive behavior b. Kin selection c. Competition d. Helping behavior

D

__________________ involves a situation in which cooperation between two people results in large gains, but if they both compete, they both lose. a. Social dilemma b. Group think c. Tragedy of the Commons d. Prisoner's dilemma

D

Darley and Batson Divinity Student study Dynamogenesis

Divinity students practiced a speech in one building-- to record it in another (Confederate lying in the doorway). People Stepped OVER individual - 63% who were early helped - 45% who were on time helped 10% who were late - helped

What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis

Frustration is a blocking on an ongoing goal-directed behavior that produces an internal emotion(frustration) frustration at a situation leads to aggression towards something and results in prejudice

What is the negative state relief model, the empathic joy hypothesis, kin selection

Helping others makes us feel good

Know the bystander effect and effects of multiple bystanders

If no one else is moving or trying to help, you are going to wonder why and do the same. Influenced by bystanders b/c diffusion Of responsibility

Gender and aggression relationship

Men are more likely to engage in direct aggression; women are more likely to engage in indirect aggression. Women feel guilty after being aggressive

Effects of repeated exposure to violent pornography and other violent media content

More likely to exhibit sexual violence- Sex related (number six of Kenneth Moyer)

Brad Bushman's research on TV violence

Recall ad information after watching something violent- tells people could not. VIOLENCE IMPAIRS MEMORY

What is a social dilemma

Selfish behavior results in individual gain but can result in collective disaster, competitive behavior

Gender differences in empathy

Stereotypically, females are considered more empathetic than males. Studies show mixed results on gender differences with empathy, depending on how the data was measured.

Thantos and Freud's ideas on aggression

Thantos: death wish that becomes redirected toward others instead of self Freuds: Aggression inmate, aggressive energy is constantly generated, Aggression is the result of internal tension, Aggression must be expressed just like sexual urges must be expressed

What is instrumental aggression

Useful in achieving a goal

What is the Type A behavior pattern

a collection of personality characteristics, including perfectionism, time urgency, high drive for achievement, and hostility, which were found in early research to increase one's risk of cardiovascular disease

What is the prisoner's dilemma

a game in which players act in rational, self-interested ways that leave everyone worse off A mixed-motive conflict

General Aggression Model

a modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions

What is punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

The excitation transfer theory

any form of emotional arousal can enhance aggressive responses

When do gender differences in aggression shrink

when provocation is present

Crowdfunding

raising money for a project or venture by obtaining many small amounts of money from many people

Diffusion of responsibility

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

What is the great person theory of leadership

the idea that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

What is altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

When does selective altruism occur

when we choose to help 1 from a large group