Social Psychology Brady

As described in the chapter, a woman with her son in a Shoney's restaurant in Georgia, in what was almost surely a case of mistaken "earwitness" testimony, "heard" three young Arab medical students plotting another terrorist attack. Her perception of the event was probably due to

Priming

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behaviors?

Roz tells her new boyfriend that she extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie, even though she truly dreads seeing that film.

Trina is a successful manager in a mid-sized male-dominated manufacturing company... Which of these two managers is more likely to report gender discrimination because of their different leadership styles?

Trina is more likely to report gender discrimination

71. The stereotype for women shows them as being relatively high on _________ and relatively low on ___________.

Warmth; competence

Very brief exposures to faces of people from different ethnic backgrounds _________ frequently causes people to respond faster to words with negative meanings than to words with positive meanings. This technique or type of research is known as ____________.

about whom one has a negative attitude; the bona fide pipeline

A message intended to reduce cheating among high school students is more likely to be effective if it is delivered by

an attractive and popular students

Implying that we are not as good as another person on some dimension may result in ____________and or ____________.

an ingratiation effect; lower our audience's expectations

Thomas has concluded that, on average, he is academically superior to the peers around him. As a result of this comparison, over the next six months, his self-esteem will

be reliably higher

Nisbett and Wilson (1977) showed that, after an action, we examine our __________ and generate __________reasons for why we acted a certain way.

behavior; often inaccurate

Gender stereotypes are

beliefs about the characteristics of women and men

Prejudice can be _________ or ___________.

blatant; subtle

Gender-based discrimination affects a substantial proportion of the population by

blocking women's progress in the workplace

Joe, a middle manage at a small company strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job. Regarding various political statements by them, it is safe to say that Joe

both A and B

The personal identity

conceptualizes the self as a unique individual

The central route to persuasion involves

careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus. This type of learning is known as

classical conditioning

One emotional response that can be experienced when individuals become aware of harmful wrongdoing by members of their own in-group is

collective guilt

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behavior. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by

coming up with justification in support of the behavior

While women are generally valued for ____________, in business, these same supposed attributes appear to be more suited for __________.

communal traits; support roles

The strongest attitudes for an individual are usually acquired through

direct experience

Providing members of a group with less favorable treatment because of their group membership is known as

discrimination

The self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that we will _________others who outperform us in an important area

distance ourselves from

When we compare ourselves to others who are less capable, we are engaged in a

downward social comparison

The usually negative affect ____________ that people have about particular social groups is known as ___________.

feelings; that people have about particular social groups is known as

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she

finds it gratifying to see improvement over time

In Sherif's (1961) Robber's Cave experiment, researchers were able to reduce the tension between two groups by

giving the groups a goal that required cooperation to be achieved

Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job. He may feel more correct in his attitude if

he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude

11. An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group, is more likely to be the result of an _________ attitude.

implicit

Gender stereotypes

include positive and negative traits of men and women

The contract hypothesis is based on the idea that

increased contact between members of different social groups can help to reduce prejudice between the groups

By reinforcing children with smiles, hugs, or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say, parents are using ___________ to shape their children's attitudes.

instrumental conditioning

In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic cognitive dissonance experiment, dissonance arises because the participants, having completed the behavior s/he's been induced to perform, feels he has ___________ the behavior in the the ($1.00) condition, compared to the ($2.00) condition.

insufficient justification to warrant

Automatically-triggered connections between group membership and evaluative __________ responses are known as ___________.

like/dislike; implicit associations

25. Experimenters gave people strong arguments to persuade them away from a belief. Some were given coffee, others a placebo. Some were given a high distraction, others a low one. In terms of attitude change, results showed that

low distraction produced a higher effect in the coffee compared to placebo condition

High-status groups such as men are frequently stereotyped as ___________ and ______________.

low in warmth; high in competence

Henry feels helpless at his job, feels that he cannot control his workday, and feels that he is useless, worthless, and inept. These characteristics would probably mean that Henry has

low self-esteem

In Ross and Wilson's interesting experiments, participants who perceived a past self as ___________ were likely to be more critical of _____________ than when they perceived their past self as ______________.

more recent; past mistakes; further in the past

The self-evaluation maintenance model suggests that we will _________ others who perform more poorly than we do in an important area.

move closer to

Stereotype threat

occurs when an individual thinks that she or he may be judged in light of a negative stereotype about his or her social identity

Recategorization

occurs when the boundaries between an in-group changes in relation to an out-group in such a way that at least some out-group members are now seen as being part of the in-group

Tokenism

often refers to the practice of hiring one, or a small number, or individuals from a particular group, in order to demonstrate that no discrimination is being directed toward that group

According to the theory of planned behavior, our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior, our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior, and

our attitudes toward a particular behavior

Attitudes are

our evaluation of different aspects of the social world

Selective avoidance is

our tendency to direct our attention away from information that challenges our attitudes

Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude, which influences our

perceptions of the attitude object

Efforts to change our attitudes by using different kinds of messages are known as

persuasion

When we mistakenly believe that others' attitudes are different from our own, we are exhibiting

pluralistic ignorance

Self-esteem refers to the

positive or negative evaluation of the self by oneself

Exposing a person to some stimulus or event will make related information held in memory more available to him or her. This is known as

priming

Gender differences in self-esteem begin to emerge during

puberty

The idea that prejudice is caused by direct competition between social groups for scarce resources is known as

realistic conflict theory

Women are stereotyped as relatively warm but less competent than men. This stereotype is typical of groups who are _________ and _____________.

relatively low in status; not perceived as a threat to the high-status group

All other factors being equal, differential _________ may play a contributing role in the difficulty of women in attaining higher-status jobs.

respect

Tony disagrees with a certain political commercial. When the commercial comes on, he immediately switches the television channel. This is an example of

selective avoidance

The fact that we tend to pay particular attention to information that supports our attitudes and to direct our attention away from information that is contrary to our attitudes is known as

selective exposure

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as

self-efficacy

6. A person's overall attitude towards him or herself is known as

self-esteem

As players on a social "stage", we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. This is called

self-promotion

As one of a number of _______, people are quite willing to avoid responsibility for their failures, but all too willing to accept credit for their successes

self-serving biases

In meeting a new roommate, David stresses his studious qualities, an aspect o himself he wishes others to agree with, while being willing to underplay other potentially important aspects of himself. David is practicing a ____________ approach in presenting himself to others.

self-verification

William plays softball on the weekends with a group of friends from work. He believes he is a better pitcher than George because batters have fewer hits when he pitches than when George pitches. This type of comparison can best be explained by

social comparison theory

When we think of ourselves as members of specific social groups, we are thinking of our

social identity

Classical condition and instrumental conditioning are examples of _________ processes of attitudes formation.

social learning

Attitudes influence

social thought and behavior

Recent research has demonstrated that women will frequently perform worse on a math test when men are present than when the same test is administered to a female-only group. This finding illustrates

stereotype threat

Zoe, an attractive blond, is concerned that she might say something foolish in her college algebra class. Thereby confirming the stereotype of the dumb blond. As a result, Zoe rarely volunteer to solve problems on the board during class. This behavior can best be explained by

stereotype threat

Stereotype threat causes decrements in performance, possibly because

stereotype threat increases anxiety

Beliefs about the shared traits social groups have that serve as a cognitive framework for processing social information are known as

stereotypes

Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft". Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather that revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a

subtype

One result of tokenism is

that it helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair.

Jacob is a summer camp counselor director who has decided to group his campers into one of three groups. Each of these groups will be situated in separate areas of the campground. What is the most likely outcome due to this situational context?

the campers will develop a strong attachment to their own group and may grow to hold very negative views of the other groups

Barriers based on attitudes or organizational biases that may prevent qualified women from reaching high-level positions in the workplace are known as

the glass ceiling

The perspective that prejudice is acquired through direct and indirect experiences is known as

the social learning view

According to social comparison theory, we are most likely to compare our abilities to those of another person when

there is no objective measure to judge ourselves by

The above average effect is

thinking that we are above average on most social traits

The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is

to consider various behavioral options

Juan, the head of human resources at a large company, has been instructed to make sure that about 2% of all newly hired managers are women in order to reduce the risk of a discrimination lawsuit. This practice represents

tokenism

When we compare ourselves to others who are more capable, we are engaged in an

upward social comparison

Ingratiation

involves using praise of important others as a way to encourage them to like us and approve of us

One result of tokenism is that

it can damage the self-esteem and confidence of tokenized individuals

10. An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs, people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease, and funerals, but does not include information about quitting smoking, is likely to be ineffective because

it will probably induce too much fear

Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude and _________, which both influence our behavior

knowledge of social norms

Jessica has worked her way up in her organization and is now a mid-level manager. She has treated her subordinates the same way her male counterparts treat theirs. Recently, Jessica has been passed over for several promotions. The jobs went to male coworkers who were possibly not quite as well qualified as Jessica. This situation probably represents

the glass ceiling effect

In an experiment, males and females were shown a snack labeled "men's favorite" or "women's favorite". The snack labeled as preferred by their own gender was liked better by high-gender-identified participants more so than by participants who were low-gender-identified. This showed that

unlike high-gender-identified people, low-gender-identified people will likely exhibit little preference for snacks that are labeled as preferred by their gender.

Cognitive dissonance arises when we notice a discrepancy between our attitudes and our behaviors. One way we can reduce the dissonance is by ___________

using self-affirmation, whereby we restore positive self-evaluation by focusing our attention on positive self-sttributes