social psychology chapter 10

fight or flight syndrome

a response to stress that involves aggressing against others or running away

tend and befriend syndrome

a response to stress that involves nurturing others and making friends

deindividuation

a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft

culture of honor

a society that places high value on individual respect, strength, and virtue, and accepts and justifies violent action in response to threats to one's honor

humiliation

a state of disgrace or loss of self-respect (or of respect from others)

running amok

according to Malaysian culture, refers to behavior of a young man who becomes "uncontrollably" violent after receiving a blow to his ego

violence

aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm, such as injury or death

domestic violence

also called family violence or intimate-partner violence, physically harmful actions that occur within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other

reactive aggression

also called hostile aggression, "hot," impulsive, angry behavior motivated by a desire to harm someone

proactive aggression

also called instrumental aggression, "cold," premeditated, calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material end

relational aggression

also called social aggression, behavior that involves intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group

instinct

an innate (inborn, biologically programmed) tendency to seek a particular goal, such as food, water, or sex

aggression

any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm

displaced aggression

any behavior that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur

indirect aggression

any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically absent

direct aggression

any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically present

antisocial behavior

behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable

frustration

blockage of or interference with a personal goal

identity theft

consists of stealing someone's personal information (e.g., social security number, bank account, credit card number) and using it without their permission, usually to obtain money or goods

lying

deliberately making a false statement usually to mislead someone

eros

in Freudian theory, the constructive, life-giving instinct

honor killing

killing another individual who has brought "dishonor" to the family (e.g., a woman who has committed adultery)

injunctive norms

norms that specify what most others approve or disapprove of

descriptive norms

norms that specify what most people do

modeling

observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others

bullying

persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim

frustration-aggression hypothesis

proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration," and "the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression"

norms

social standards that prescribe what people ought to do

serotonin

the "feel good" neurotransmitter, low levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans

thanatos

the Freudian theory, the destructive, death instinct

weapons effect

the increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of a weapon

testosterone

the male sex hormone, high levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans

density

the number of people divided by the area of the space they share

crowding

the subjective and unpleasant feeling that there are too many people in a given area

hostile expectation bias

the tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression

hostile attribution bias

the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive

hostile perception bias

the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive

psychological reactance

the unpleasant emotional response people experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom to engage in a desired behavior

cyberbullying

the use of the internet (e.g. e-mail, social network sites, blogs) to bully others

plagiarize

to claim the ideas or words of another person as one's own without crediting that person