social psychology chapter 10
fight or flight syndrome
a response to stress that involves aggressing against others or running away
tend and befriend syndrome
a response to stress that involves nurturing others and making friends
deindividuation
a sense of anonymity and loss of individuality, as in a large group, making people especially likely to engage in antisocial behaviors such as theft
culture of honor
a society that places high value on individual respect, strength, and virtue, and accepts and justifies violent action in response to threats to one's honor
humiliation
a state of disgrace or loss of self-respect (or of respect from others)
running amok
according to Malaysian culture, refers to behavior of a young man who becomes "uncontrollably" violent after receiving a blow to his ego
violence
aggression that has as its goal extreme physical harm, such as injury or death
domestic violence
also called family violence or intimate-partner violence, physically harmful actions that occur within the home or family, between people who have a close relationship with each other
reactive aggression
also called hostile aggression, "hot," impulsive, angry behavior motivated by a desire to harm someone
proactive aggression
also called instrumental aggression, "cold," premeditated, calculated harmful behavior that is a means to some practical or material end
relational aggression
also called social aggression, behavior that involves intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group
instinct
an innate (inborn, biologically programmed) tendency to seek a particular goal, such as food, water, or sex
aggression
any behavior intended to harm another person who is motivated to avoid the harm
displaced aggression
any behavior that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the provocateur
indirect aggression
any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically absent
direct aggression
any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically present
antisocial behavior
behavior that either damages interpersonal relationships or is culturally undesirable
frustration
blockage of or interference with a personal goal
identity theft
consists of stealing someone's personal information (e.g., social security number, bank account, credit card number) and using it without their permission, usually to obtain money or goods
lying
deliberately making a false statement usually to mislead someone
eros
in Freudian theory, the constructive, life-giving instinct
honor killing
killing another individual who has brought "dishonor" to the family (e.g., a woman who has committed adultery)
injunctive norms
norms that specify what most others approve or disapprove of
descriptive norms
norms that specify what most people do
modeling
observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others
bullying
persistent aggression by a perpetrator against a victim for the purpose of establishing a power relationship over the victim
frustration-aggression hypothesis
proposal that "the occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration," and "the existence of frustration always leads to some form of aggression"
norms
social standards that prescribe what people ought to do
serotonin
the "feel good" neurotransmitter, low levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans
thanatos
the Freudian theory, the destructive, death instinct
weapons effect
the increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of a weapon
testosterone
the male sex hormone, high levels of which have been linked to aggression and violence in both animals and humans
density
the number of people divided by the area of the space they share
crowding
the subjective and unpleasant feeling that there are too many people in a given area
hostile expectation bias
the tendency to assume that people will react to potential conflicts with aggression
hostile attribution bias
the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive
hostile perception bias
the tendency to perceive social interactions in general as being aggressive
psychological reactance
the unpleasant emotional response people experience when someone is trying to restrict their freedom to engage in a desired behavior
cyberbullying
the use of the internet (e.g. e-mail, social network sites, blogs) to bully others
plagiarize
to claim the ideas or words of another person as one's own without crediting that person