social psychology chapter 9

how does culture transmit stereotypes?

via social learning and role theory

What is social role theory?

we assume people partake in the roles that they do because they are well suited for them

What did Jigsaw classrooms do?

they created groups to become experts and they created groups with one expert from each group

what is discrimination?

unfair behaviors targeted towards a specific group based on stereotyping or prejudice

how do stereotypes turn into prejudices?

we categorize others, prefer to live in specific groups, and culturally transmit beliefs across generations

Adaptive categorization theory states that

we label other people as a means to to benefit our chances at survival

does spending more time with others decrease prejudices?

NO

what is modern symbolic prejudice?

it values equality but opposes change

contemptuous prejudice is found within

low warmth and competence (compete within in group)

Is adaptive categorization a choice?

no, it is automatic

have prejudices really decreased over time?

no, they have just become more subtle

hostile sexism examples include

poor work evals, acceptance of sexual harassment, and blaming the rape victim

What does the scapegoat theory state?

prejudice is the result of one group blaming another innocent group for its problem

what does the realistic conflict theory state?

prejudice results from the justifications that we create to determine that our in group should receive an unfair amount of resources

people with modern symbolic prejudices say things like

prejudices don't exist, they exist due to lack of effort, "they" seek special favors/get more than they deserve

people who aren't high in fundamentalism believe religion to be a

quest, or journey to find answers

What are the four theories of prejudice?

realistic conflict theory, scapegoat theory, social identity theory, and the stereotype content model

Which scale is popular to measure authoritarianism?

Right-wing authoritarian scale

what is a double barreled item?

a question that represents more than one basic idea, making it difficult to choose course of action

what is stereotyping?

a type of over simplified and over generalized schema that occurs when an individual assumes that everyone in a certain group has the same traits

What is the Lewinian equation?

an equation used to find where prejudice arises from

What is a minimal group paradigm?

an experimental method used to create groups based on meaningless categories to study in-group dynamics

what three personality constructs link to prejudice?

authoritarianism, social dominance orientations, and religiosity

what is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity?

being sincere to the faith or doing it for social or practical rewards

how can the social identity theory be used to develop prejudice?

build up our in groups and tear down the out groups

an example of maintaining self esteem via the social identity theory can be found in

bullies tearing people down to maintain weak self esteem

How can stereotypes turn into prejudices?

by turning our beliefs into evaluations

the stereotype content model describes that we create prejudices based on

emotion

what is prejudice?

emotion-centered judgments based or evaluations about people based on their perceived membership within a specific group

people who have high social dominance orientation tend to?

fight social equity, make unethical decisions, resent out group discrimination but support ingroup members who claim it

What does the frustration aggression theory state?

frustration builds in to aggression that an individual must let out, typically towards weaker targets

how can we decrease prejudices?

give us common goals to work for

What are superordinate goals?

goals that require the cooperation of two or more people or groups to achieve, which usually results in rewards to the groups.

envious prejudice results from

high competence and low warmth (compete within in group)

admiration competence comes from

high warmth and high competence (don't compete with in group)

paternalistic prejudice is found with

high warmth towards a group but low competence beliefs (not with in in group)

old fashioned prejudices are

inappropriate by today's social standards

what does the kernel of truth theory state?

sometimes stereotypes may contain an element of truth to them, even if they may contain fictitious elements

what do victims of hate crimes experience?

stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination

the authoritarian personality does three things, what are they?

submit to authority, believe in discipline to those who defy authority, and conform to conventional beliefs

what is the stereotype threat?

that individuals may feel threatened by their in group for confirming a negative stereotype

what does the social identity theory state?

that we categorize ourselves into us vs. them and that we tend to portray ourselves in ways that are flattering and useful

what is in group heterogeneity?

the ability for members of a group to see the wide diversity of members within the group

What is fundamentalism?

the belief that a persons religion is the only true religion

What is a social dominance orientation?

the general tendency to exhibit outgroup prejudice due to social hierarchy

what is outgroup homogeneity?

the idea that everyone that belongs to a group different than ours is exactly the same

what is social learning?

the idea that individuals see what others do and copy them, especially if what they do leads to rewards

What is the interactionist perspective?

the idea that personality and situation jointly affect an individuals social behavior

What example is used in the book about the minimal group paradigm?

the over and under-estimators. they were assigned groups based on selection of dots and they tended to favor their own group over the other

benevolent prejudice is

the praise of those with with positive qualities

What were the paintings by Klee and Kandinsky used for?

the same as the over and under-estimators, to show in vs out group selections

why are ingroups comforting and validating?

the social identity theory

ambivalent sexism is

when we view "good" women due to benevolent prejudice or "bad" from hostile sexism