Social Studies 30-1

NATO

(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)- a military alliance designed to defend member countries against attack from the Soviet Union and its allies. Collective security. 🔶

Nazism

(aka National Socialism) Citizens have to serve the state and those not part of the Aryan race will be removed 🔶

Polder Model

- Dutch version of consensus based economic and social policy making

Collective responsibility

- Holding a whole group or collective responsible for the actions of individuals within the group of collective

Liberation movements

- Military and political struggles of people for independence from countries that have colonized or oppressed them

Private Property

- Something that is owned by an individual, including real estate, other forms of physical possessions, and intellectual property.

Clayton Act

- Was a part of United States antitrust law with the goal of adding further substance to the US Antitrust regime

Carbon tax

- is a fee placed on greenhouse gas pollution mainly from burning fossil fuels.

Bourgeoisie

- is a social class characterized by their ownership of capital, and their related culture

Prague Spring

1968- breaking the iron curtain. In Czechoslovakia a new leader (Dubcek) came into power and began slowly implementing very democratic measures (i.e decreases control on press, additional citizen rights and freedoms). Stalin however reacted through trying to negotiate to Dubcek- when these failed Warsaw Pact nations (USSR, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria) invaded with troops and reversed the reforms. 🔶 Was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the USSR post WW2.

Taliban

: Fundamentalist Muslim group of Afghanistan and western Pakistan, known for its military and paramilitary activities.

Residential School System

: School that provide dormitories for their students.

Plebiscite

: The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.

Civility

: formal politeness and courtesy in behavior or speech.

Pro-democracy movements

: government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system.

American Bill of Rights

: the first ten amendments to the Constitution.

Supply Side Economics

A school of economic thought that economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to produce supply goods and service. The government should step back and allow more laissez faire, but it's still modern liberalism. No deficit spending because we cannot fix the problem through that efficiently. Stimulus does not come from the bottom it comes from the top, give stimulus to the wealthy and so the trickledown effect works 🔶

non-alignment movement

(NAM) the position taken during the Cold War by those countries in the United Nations that did not form an alliance with either the US or the USSR. This group became a third voting bloc within the UN and pushed for more aid for the developing world. Many countries who experienced the legacies of european imperialism wanted to stay away from the spheres of influence. The movement began with the Bandung Conference.n 🔶

Single Member Constituency

(first past the post) under single member plurality systems, an area is divided into a number of geographically defined voting districts, each represented by a single elected official 🔶

Bill 178

(language legislation) Decreed that only french could be used on exterior signs while english would be allowed inside commercial establishments (reaction to Bill 101 challenges) 🔶

Bill 86

(language legislation) Decreed that public signs and posters and commercial advertising must be in french. Also may be in both french and another language provided that french is markedly predominant. 🔶

Bill 101

(language legislation) Made French the official language of the state and of the courts in the province of Quebec, as well as making it the normal and habitual language of the workplace, of instruction, of communications, of commerce and of business 🔶

Marshall Plan

- An american initiative ($13 billion plan) to help the recovery of countries ravaged by war in Europe. In order to get the aid, countries needed to submit to a thorough economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy. (thus Stalin rejected aid) 🔶

Dawes Plan

- An attempt in 1924 to solve the reparations problem of WW1

Mixed Economy

- An economic system based on free market principles but with some government intervention.

Traditional Economy

- An economic system usually practised by a pre-industrialized society, where needs are met through agriculture, hunting and fishing, and where there tends to be a division of labour based on custom and tradition

Public Property

- Anything not privately owned by individuals.

Beliefs

- Aspects of identity that influence behaviour and choices and how they guide people and view the world

Kibbutzim

- Collective identity of Israel based on agriculture.

Proxy Wars

- Conflicts in which one superpower provides support to a group or state that opposes the rival superpower.

Duma

- Council Assemblies that were created by the emperor of Russia.

dissuasion

The french word for deterrence. The French contributed in Nuclear arms research. However they were not doing this to intimidate another country but to protect themselves from other countries. 🔶

Spheres of influence

The territories and countries over which a powerful country dominates. (i.e the countries western Allies had liberated fell under the American sphere of influence, and vice versa for the Soviet Union) 🔶

Crown Corporation

- Enterprises owned by the Crown, or Queen, in right of Canada or a provincial state.

Emancipation

- Freeing from restraint, especially legal, social or political.

Adam Smith

a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy, ... 🔶

warrant

a document issued by a legal or government official authorizing the police or some other body to make an arrest, search premises, or carry out some other action relating to the administration of justice 🔶

Democracy

a form of government in which power is ultimately vested in the people 🔶

egalitarianism

a political principle that holds that all people should be treated as equals and allows equal civil, social, political, and economic rights under the law 🔶

enclosure act

an act created in the industrial revolution- small shared plots of land held in common were 'enclosed' to become more efficient through mechanization, forced farmers off the land into the cities 🔶

Alignment

an alliance or agreement. During the Cold War, some countries aligned themselves with either the US or USSR to gain political, economic, and security benefits 🔶

Fascism

an extreme, right-wing, anti-democratic nationalist movement which led to totalitarian forms of governments in Germany and Italy from the 1920s to the 1940s 🔶

Inflation

an increase in the general price level of products, the cost of labour and interest rates

Propaganda

exaggeration and misrepresentation of information to rally support for a cause or an issue 🔶

Representative Democracy

form of government in which a small group of politicians are elected by a large group of citizens 🔶

Limited government

he principle of little government involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self regulating markets 🔶

Enemy Aliens

non-citizens who come from an enemy country 🔶

WMD

weapons of mass destruction

Worldview

- A collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group; a particular philosophy of life or conception of the world

Warsaw Pact

- A collective defense treaty among eight communist states of central and eastern Europe in existence during the cold war.

Labour Standards

- A government enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments and the protection of workers rights to free association, collective bargaining, and the freedom from discrimination

Individual rights and freedoms

- A key principles of individualism and an important feature of liberal democracies;

Free Market

- A market that operates with limited government intervention

Free Markets

- A market that operates with limited government intervention

Potsdam Conference

- A meeting between the allies to discuss the punishment for the Nazi's after their surrender.

Post War Consensus

- A name given by historians to an era in post war British political history, from 1945 - 1979

Credit Union

- A non Profit making money cooperative whose members can borrow from pooled deposits at a low interest rates.

Values

- A person's principles or standards of behavior

Third Way

- A position to that tries to reconcile Right and left wing politics by mixing policies

Economic Equality

- A principle common to collectivist ideologies which can have different meanings depending on the person or the ideology.

Satellite State

- A state that is formally independent but is dominated by another more powerful state.

Norad

- Aero defense organization involving CAN and USA that provides aerospace warning, Air sovereignty and Defense for Northern America.

Enlightenment

- Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe, also called the age of enlightenment

INF treaty

- Is the first nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings that could not be exceeded.

NAFTA

- North American Free Trade Agreement, a agreement creating trilateral rules based on trade bloc in North America.

Self-Interest

- Ones personal interest or advantage

Opec

- Organization of the Petroleum exporting countries

Humanitarians

- People trying to improve lives of others, and to reduce suffering

Laissez Faire

- Policy dictating a minimum of governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society

Social Programs

- Programs that affect human welfare in a society.

Gestapo

- Secret police of Nazi Germany and German Occupied Europe.

McCarthyism

- The anti communist movement in the united states during the 50's.

Nativism

- The policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Kyoto Protocol

- an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Greenpeace

- an organization founded in 1971 that stresses the need to maintain a balance between human progress and environmental conservation.

Partial Test Ban Treaty

- is a treaty prohibiting all test destinations of nuclear weapons except underground.

Friends of the earth

- is an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries.

International Monetary Fund

- is an international organization, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world."

Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty

- is an international treaty whose objective is to prevent the spread of nuclear weapon and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament.

World Trade Organization

- is an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.

Secular

- is the state of being separate from religion , or not being exclusively allied with or against any particular religion.

competition

- the act or an instance of competing or contending with others. Competition is seen as an incentive for individuals and groups to work harder and more efficiently

Social Capital

- the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

Cuban Missile Crisis

- was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the USSR over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba.

Start 1

- was a bilateral treaty between the USA and the USSR on the reduction and limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.

Helsinki Accord

- was the first act of the Conference on security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finland, during July and August 1, 1975.

Salt

- were two rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international issues involving the USA and the USSR on the issue of armament control.

Isolationism

-the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, international agreements, etc.

Hungarian Revolution

1956, breaking the iron curtain. Was a nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian people's Republic and its Soviet imposed policies. Within two weeks a new and democratic government was formed, however Stalin's forces quickly came in and re-set up a a pro-Soviet government. 🔶

Emergencies Act

1988, replaced the War Measures Act. It did three things: (1) clearly defines an emergency as a natural catastrophe, disease in humans/plants, an accident or pollution. (2) limits the government's power during the time of crisis- any measures implemented are subject to approval by Parliament. (3) any temporary measures must be in line with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms 🔶

Oligarchy

: A form of government in which political power rests with a small elite segment of society.

Doctors without Borders

: A group which sends physicians and other health workers to some of the most destitute and dangerous parts of the world and encourages them not only to care for people, but also to condemn the injustices they encounter.

Representation by Population

: A method by which seats are allocated in the House of Commons in such a way as to vary with population.

Recall

: A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended.

Republic

: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Citizen advocacy

: A valued citizen who is unpaid and independent of human services, creates a relationship with a person who has intellectual and/or multiple disability, and chooses to understand and to meet some of that person's needs, and to represent that person's interests as if they were the advocate's own.

Vote of non-confidence

: A vote showing that a majority does not support the policy of a leader or governing body.

Indian Act

: An act of parliament first passed in 1867, dealing with the governance of reserves and the rights and benefits of registered individuals.

Electoral College

: Body of people representing the states of the US, who formally cast votes for the election of the president and vice president.

Checks and Balances

: Counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically those ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups.

Military Dictatorship

: Form of government in which political power resides with the military leadership.

One Party State.

: Form of government where only one party forms the government and no other parties are permitted to run candidates for elections

Al Qaeda

: Radical Sunni Muslim organization dedicated to the elimination of a Western presence in Arab countries and militantly opposed to Western foreign policy.

SEZ

: Special economic zone, designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country.

Respect for law and order

: State of society where vast majority of population respects the rule of law, and where the law enforcement agencies observe laws that limit their powers. Maintaining law and order implies firm dealing with occurrences of theft, violence, and disturbance of peace, and rapid enforcement of penalties imposed under criminal law.

Emergency and security legislation

: The Emergencies Act is an Act of the Parliament of Canada to authorize the taking of special temporary measures to ensure safety and security during national emergencies and to amend other Acts in consequence thereof.

Individual rights, roles and responsibilities

: The concept of a right relates to the freedom from interference by other individuals or the government.

Assimilation

: The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of another group.

Humanitarianism

: Trying to improve the lives of others and to reduce their suffering through various means, including social reform and aid.

Party Solidarity

: When all members of a party are required to vote with their party, unless the leader frees them.

Environmental Change

: a change or disturbance of the environment caused by human influences or natural ecological processes.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

: a commission tasked with discovering and revealing past wrongdoing by a government, in the hope of resolving conflict left over from the past.

WITO

: a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body.

Draftee

: a person conscripted for military service.

Conscientious objector

: a person who for reasons of conscience objects to serving in the armed forces.

Draft dodger

: a person who has avoided compulsory military service.

Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms

: a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975.

Coup

: a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

SARS

: a virulently infectious disease caused by a corona virus.

Just war

: a war that is deemed to be morally or theologically justifiable.

Blockades

: an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

Dust bowl

: an area of land where vegetation has been lost and soil reduced to dust and eroded, especially as a consequence of drought or unsuitable farming practice.

Kyoto Targets

: an international treaty, which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, based on the premise that (a) global warming exists and (b) man-made CO2 emissions have caused it.

Political participation

: any activity that shapes, affects, or involves the political sphere.

Modern industrial complex

: comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them.

Anti-war movements

: is a social movement, usually in opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict, unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts.

Naturalization

: is the legal act or process by which a non-citizen in a country may acquire citizenship or nationality of that country.

Modernism

: modern character or quality of thought, expression, or technique.

Interest Group

: natural outgrowth of the communities of interests that exist in all societies.

Pacifism

: the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

Civil disobedience

: the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest.

Election fraud

: the specific offenses of fraudulent voting, impersonation, perjury, voter registration fraud, forgery, counterfeiting, bribery, destroying already cast ballots, and a multitude of crimes related to the electoral process.

Citizenship

: the status of being a citizen. If you have citizenship in a country, you have the right to live there, work, vote, and pay taxes!

Terrorism

: the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.

Boycott

: withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.

Expansionism

A country's foreign policy of acquiring additional territory through the violation of another countries sovereignty for reasons of defense, resources, markets, national pride or perceived racial superiority. Also the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond a country's borders and allies- was what both the Soviet Union and the US would practise until the End of the Cold War 🔶

Yalta Accords

A meeting between the 'big three' (US, Britain, USSR) post WW2 to discuss Europe's future post war, i.e how to govern Germany. One of the key tasks was to redraw the map of Europe. Stalin's views differed from those of Churchill and Roosevelt. 🔶

roaring 20s

A period in the united states marked by economic prosperity, consumerism, red scares, political conservatism, and changing social values. Women achieved suffrage (1920). Native Americans granted citizenship. Overall a move towards more equality. However what still existed was anti-immigration sentiment, racism, and income disparity. 🔶

Ideology

A set of principles or ideas that explains your world and your place within it, which is based on certain assumptions about human nature and society explanation of the present and a vision for the future

bank run

A situation in which too many depositors try to withdraw their savings from a financial institution, endangering it with bankruptcy. Rose out of when banks began calling in their loans after the wall street crash- however this led many to become bankrupt (they had overextended their loans). Those with savings still were worried about the security of their deposit. 🔶

Truman Doctrine

A united states policy to stop expansionism by the Soviets in the cold war. President Truman chose to fight the ideological conflict by creating alliances and giving aid, among other methods. (i.e gave money to Greek and Turkish governments to get them to help them defeat the appeal of communism) 🔶

Yugoslavia

After WWII- breaking the iron curtain. In Yugoslavia leader Tito was initially aligned with USSR. But although they were communist, Tito began moving away from Stalin and became a member of the 'Non-Alignment Movement'. Later on Tito began implementing more liberal principles and fostered relationships with Western powers creating a division b/t Yugoslav and USSR. They were able to do this b/c they did not share borders with USSR. 🔶

Glass-Staegall Act

An act the U.S. Congress passed in 1933 as the Banking Act, which prohibited commercial banks from participating in the investment banking business. Was sponsored by Senator Carter Glass and Rep. Henry Steagall, a member of the House of Representatives and chairman of the House Banking and Currency Committee. The Act was passed as an emergency measure to counter the failure of almost 5,000 banks during the Great Depression 🔶

Great Depression

An economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S and other countries that began with the stock market Crash in October and continued through the 1930s. During this period, banks failed, factories closed, many people became unemployed, and international trade declined. A turn towards more collectivist ideals was the changing sentiment.🔶

Keynes

An economist who advocated for more government intervention in the economy in its regulation- felt that times of prosperity should be controlled by raising taxes, decreased gov. spending, and increasing interest rates to control inflation. Felt that in recessionary times, gov should stimulate the economy by lowering taxes, increasing gov spending, and lowering interest rates. 🔶

Milton Friedman

An economist who was most closely associated with monetarism. He believed that inflation was primarily the result of an excess supply of money produced by central banks. He argued that when the money supply was increased, consumer spending would also increase, causing demand to rise, and thus inflation to increase (like in Germany in the 1920s). He felt that the amount of money issued by the bank should be linked to economic indicators, like the rate of inflation. 🔶

Henry Ford

An example of someone who spurred economic boom through consumerism with his company the Ford Motor Company. He pioneered mass production, and also advocated for principles of welfare capitalism (i.e minimum wage, 40 hour working week). 🔶

Bretton Woods Agreement

An international conference called to deal with international monetary and financial problems. Outcome was that US left the Bretton Woods Agreement- no longer tied to the gold standard. This led to more inflation and slowed economic activity 🔶

New Deal

Economic policies put in place by US president FDRoosevelt in 1933. The policies gave government a more significant role in the regulation of the economy and in providing social "safety net" programs. Focused on relief to unemployed, reform to economy, and recovery from the great depression. This represented the beginning of the shift to the welfare state and a mixed economy. He believed that putting money into people's pockets was like pouring gas into an engine to get it started, hence the "prime the pump" expression. 🔶

Radical

Extreme; revolutionary. This type of change in a political regime often rejects the political and economic traditions of the past. 🔶

positive freedoms

Freedoms TO something (characteristic of modern liberalism) 🔶

Sherman anti-trust act

Introduced by President Taft in the progressivist era to prevent scheming between competing companies in an industry (for them to get together). It was not meant to prevent a single company (SO) from dominating a market, but to prevent anti-competitive behaviour among companies. A business entity (like a trust) could no longer own two or more competing companies. 🔶

voter apathy

Many voters do not participate for a number of reasons: a lack of understanding of the issues, the idea that they cannot make a difference, the idea that all politicians are corrupt, inability to communicate in English or French, lack of resources/poverty, or maybe they are being physically barred from voting aka the USA 2016 election 🔶

Oka crisis

Occurred in 1990 when the government was planning on expanding a golf course onto spiritual territory of the Mohawks. It continued for seven months with barricades being set up along major routes. The matter was eventually resolved, even though it had been blown out of proportion. I guess, it was because they were fighting to assert their identity and what little land they had left. 🔶

executive branch

Prime minister and their cabinet; a part of the canadian government with the power to enforce and pass laws; run all the functions of the government 🔶

negative freedoms

Revolve around the belief that individuals are free to make choices. (ie freedom FROM persecution) Characteristic of classical liberalism, where the belief is that all should have equal political power. Greater political stability would also result from more direct democratic systems. 🔶

francophone rights

The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code that was passed by the National Assembly of Quebec in 1975. The Charter was before the Canadian Charter of Rights and freedoms. It has precedence over all provincial legislation 🔶

Ipperwash Crisis

The government wanted to use First Nation lands as a military base during the second world war. The tribes recognized the importance of the war and were willing to lease the land too them, but the government used the WAR MEASURES ACT to forcibly take it. These lands have not been returned as of 1998. The federal government was well aware of the discontent. 🔶

Cold War

The political, economic, and social struggle between the Soviet Union and its allies, and the United States and its allies, in ways not involving direct contact. It was conducted using propaganda, economic measures, and espionage rather than military means. 🔶

legislative branch

These elected Members of Parliament suggest bills (potential laws) into Acts (laws). Parliament is made up of the House of commons and the Senate. The HOC (308 seats) is elected and the senate (105 seats) is appointed. 🔶

Frederick Hayek

Was a critic of collectivist thinking. He believed that in order for a collectivist society to function, the gov would need to maintain an extremely high level of control. But this was a danger to liberalism. Also believed centrally planned economy would never work as, although they can control supply, the planners would not know about demand. 🔶

USA Patriot Act

Was a reaction to 9/11 in order to protect the US and deter and punish terrorism. Negative reactions emerged quickly. Some groups opposed how it threatened personal liberties. Many think it is a centralization of government power. A group known as the ACLU challenged the Act in court due to its National Security Letters provision (this allowed the government to obtain sensitive customer records from internet service providers without warrant) 🔶

War Measures Act

a Canadian law that gave the federal cabinet emergency powers for circumstances where it determines that the threat of war, invasion, or insurrection, real or apprehended, exists. It was replaced by the Emergencies Act (1988) 🔶

Berlin Wall

a barrier that separated communist Berlin from western Berlin in the cold war. For Western powers, the main purpose of the border was to stop east germans from getting NATO protection in the west; for the East german gov it meant a protection of East germany from western aggression 🔶

classical conservatism

a belief in a system that supports traditional systems and social structures that exist- most easily applies to mercantilist thinking and those supporting the ongoing locus of control enjoyed by property owners from that time 🔶

social safety net

a collection of services provided by the state or other institutions such as friendly societies, including welfare, unemployment benefit, universal healthcare, homeless shelters, and sometimes subsidized services such as public transport, which prevent individuals from falling into poverty 🔶

Deficit

a deficiency; an excess of liabilities or expenditures over income or assets in a given period. Deficit spending by a government is spending that is financed by borrowing and may occur in order to 'kick start' a stagnant economy. (many believed that huge national deficits from government spending resulted in stagflation, Keynesians would support it-?) 🔶

Authoritarianism

a form of government with authority vested in an elite group that may or may not rule in the interest of its people. 🔶

No-fly List

a list of people whom the Canadian government has identified as potentially posing an immediate threat to aviation security. People on the list are barred from flying on domestic flights in Canada 🔶

Deterrence

a method of cold war, rather than a method of hot war. It involves the building up of one's capacity to fight such that neither opponent will fight because of the expected outcomes 🔶

War on Terror

a military, political, and ideological conflict headed by the US, which was a direct result of the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. There is some debate on whether terrorism can be defeated through military means 🔶

nouveau riche

a new class of factory owners, bankers, lawyers etc. that rose to power with the successes of the industrial revolution- they enjoyed tremendous wealth while labourers and factory workers endured harsh working conditions and insufficient wages to meet their basic needs 🔶

Quiet Revolution

a period of rapid social, economic, and political modernization in Quebec (secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state, and realignment of politics into federalist and sovereigns factions); a revolution without violence, force, or direct conflict, aimed at enhancing opportunities for Francophone Quebecois within Quebec society🔶

Detente

a period of the Cold War during which the major powers tried to lessen the tensions between them through diplomacy, arms talks and reductions, and cultural exchanges 🔶

reformation period

a period reflected in the belief that reason was as significant as faith for the believers of Christianity- changed dramatically the circumstances of Europe through its opposition to the Catholic Church (2/2 of eras that classical liberalism arose out of, the 'enlightenment' will follow) 🔶

renaissance period

a period that sparked a belief in the importance of the individual in society- had its roots in the revival of greek and roman thinking (1/2 of eras that classical liberalism arose out of) 🔶

Iron Curtain

a phrase coined by Winston Churchill in 1947 that refers to the barrier in Europe between self-governing, pro-democratic, pro-capitalist countries of the West and countries in pro-Soviet Eastern Europe under communist Soviet control 🔶

affirmative action

a policy in which minorities and women are given greater educational and employment opportunities to address past or current discrimination. This went against many american's ideals of equality and their strong belief in individualism 🔶

Environmentalism

a political and ethical ideology that focuses on protecting the natural environment and lessening the harmful effects that human activities have on the ecosystem 🔶

perestroika

a political/economic movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s until 1991. Widely associated with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and his glasnost policy reform. The economy was decentralized and Gorbachev encouraged enterprises to be self-financing. 🔶

Consensus Decision Making

a process whereby a group of individuals share ideas, solutions, and concerns to find a resolution to a problem that all members of the group can accept 🔶

Monetarism

a school of thought that emphasizes the role of governments in controlling the amount of money in circulation (through the regulation of interest rates). Those that support it believe that control of a country's money supply is the best means to encourage growth and limit unemployment and inflation. (i.e Milton Friedman, Frederick Hayek) 🔶

October Crisis

a series of events triggered by two kidnappings of government officials by members of the Front de liberation du Québec 🔶

Orange Revolution

a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was claimed to be marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud.

recession

a significant decline in economic activity. It is not as big as a depression. The 2008 crisis was a recession 🔶

MAD

a situation that would result from an unwinnable nuclear war. MAD ideally deters each side from entering into direct conflict because a full scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing countries would assure the complete annihilation of both parties

Welfare State

a state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs (developed from welfare capitalism after the great depression) 🔶

superpower

a state that has great power and influence. The term was used to describe the United States and the Soviet Union because of their great influence and economic and military strengths after WWII 🔶

Apartheid

a strict, legislated system of racial segregation and discrimination against Black and other 'coloured' South Africans set in place by the National Party of South Africa from 1948-94 🔶

Communism

a system of society with property vested in the community and each member working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her needs 🔶

Extremism

a term used by others to describe the beliefs and actions of those perceived to be outside of the accepted norms of political or social behaviour. May be a response adopted by those for whom ordinary political means of redressing perceived wrongs are deemed ineffective 🔶

Chartism

a working class movement in Britain that focused on political and social reform from 1838 to 1848. 🔶

factory acts

acts introduced in Great Britain starting in 1910- gradually improved the working conditions in factories related to hours, wages, and the conditions for children and women (IR)🔶

Human Rights

also known as 'natural rights', the rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. These rights are enshrined in Bills and Declarations of Rights in many countries including Canada and the US, and the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights 🔶

Lobbying

an attempt to influence the direction of governmental policy by groups that represent a particular interest or perspective. Often well-organized groups designed to raise money to inform and persuade (lobby) representatives or government bureaucrats to consider their perspectives. They may donate money to election campaigns 🔶

Brinkmanship

an attempt to push a dangerous situation as far as possible without conceding (surrendering) anything to your opponent; international behaviour or foreign policy that takes a country to the brink of war (an example of this was the Cuban Missile Crisis which resulted from expansionism, containment, and deterrence) 🔶

Stagflation

an economic condition where stagnation and high inflation occur at the same time. In the 1970s, stagflation was caused by a rapid increase in the price of oil. 🔶

Collectivization

an economic policy where all land is taken away from private owners and combined in large, collectively worked farms which had quotas to fill 🔶

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

an economic system based on free markets, fair competition, wise consumers, and profit-motivated producers; a minimum of government involvement is favoured

meritocratic

an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth; or a system in which such persons are rewarded and advanced 🔶

Neoconservatism

an ideology that emerged in the US during the 1950s and 60s as a reaction against modern liberal principles. Some aspects challenge modern liberal principles and favour a return to particular values of classical liberalism. Other ideas challenge both classical and modern liberal principles and favour values identified as 'family values' and traditional values, often resting on a religious foundation Somewhat a reaction to what some consider liberal principles 'taken too far'; •affirmative action •detente with USSR as weak diplomacy (therefore they support foreign intervention) 🔶

red scare

an intense fear of communism that overcame the majority of the American population during and after the Second World War, influencing everything from movies and television to national security 🔶

Liberation movements

an organization leading a rebellion against a colonial power or national government, often seeking independence based on a nationalist identity and an anti-imperialist outlook.

social security

any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income 🔶

cult of personality

arises when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods to create an idealized, heroic, and at times worshipful image, often through unquestioning flattery and praise 🔶

beliefs of liberal democracies

beliefs: •representative assembly •responsible executive •multi-party system •free elections at regular intervals •independent judiciary •freedom of opinion and speech •freedom of association

beliefs of communism

beliefs: •rule by and for the proletariat •represents the interests of the working class •aims to intensify class differences to achieve a working class revolution •wants a classless society •is to be an international movement •believes in economic determinism (egalitarianism)

beliefs of fascism

beliefs: •rule in the interest of the state •represents mainly the interests of the lower middle class and economic elite (aka all but mainly elite) •concerned with the betterment of the individual •aims at eliminating class conflict, but retaining class structure •national movement •interests fo the state come before interests of individual •belief in biological determinism

Gulag

concentration camps that existed during the stalin era 🔶

Consumerism

consumer spending; a preoccupation with consumer goods and their acquisition; a set of values focused on the acquisition and display of things in order to denote status

Internment camps

detention facilities used to confine political prisoners and people of specific national or minority groups 🔶

Direct Democracy

form of government in which the people participate in deciding issues directly 🔶

Trickle down economics

government economic policies that include reduced income and business taxes, reduced regulation (controls on business), and increased government spending in the military; also known as supply-side economics. Generally these policies favour industry, assuming that if industry prospers then everyone will prosper as wealth 'trickles down' to the ordinary workers and consumers through investments. 🔶

Enfranchisement

granting people the rights of citizens, especially the right to vote (done through a democratic process)

Utopian socialists

humanitarians who advocated an end to the appalling condition of the average worker in the industrial cabinet countries of the 19th century. Believed education and improved working conditions would eradicate worst aspects of capitalism. (i.e Robert Owen (Britain), Charles Fourier, Claude Saint-Simon, and Horace Greeley (USA)) 🔶

Illiberal

ideologies opposed to the values, beliefs, and principles of liberalism; usually refers to undemocratic actions but may be found in democratic countries during times of crisis 🔶

scapegoats

individuals used to blame for all the hardships a nation experiences 🔶

Welfare Capitalism

initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demands for labour unions (during the industrial revolution); also refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers. (i.e Teddy Roosevelt) 🔶

Language legislation

laws regarding the official language of a state. In the Canadian context, such legislation is related either to Canada's official languages (i.e the Official Languages Act 1969) or to Quebec's Charter of the French Language, such as Bill 101 1977🔶

equal opportunity

means that all people will be treated equally or similarly and not disadvantaged by prejudices or bias. This means that the best person for a job or a promotion is the person who earns that position based on qualifications, experience, and knowledge. Workplace diversity values everyone's differences 🔶

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

one part of the Canadian Constitution, which is a set of laws containing the basic rules about how our country operates, outlining the rights and freedoms (fundamental, legal, political, minority, collectivist) of citizens 🔶

civil rights movements

popular movements, notably in the US in the 1950s and 60s, that work to extend rights to marginalized members of society. Often these struggles aim not only for legal and civic rights, but also for respect, dignity, and economic and social equality for all 🔶

Molotov Plan

proposed by the Soviets against the Marshall Plan to solidify Soviet presence in Poland, Hungary, etc 🔶

Monetary Policy

refers to actions taken by the central bank of a country to control the supply of money. The most common tools used in monetary policy are raising or lowering interest rates, and printing or destroying money 🔶

Proportional Representation

system of government where citizens' vote directly for a party, and then representatives are assigned based on the amount of popular support obtained 🔶

Containment

the attempt to thwart another country's expansionism through means other than direct warfare (was the american cold war foreign policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances) 🔶

Eugenics

the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population 🔶

Feminism

the belief in the social, political and economic equality of the sexes 🔶

GOSPLAN

the central planning committee of the Soviet Union 🔶

Class System

the division of a society into different classes of people, usually based on income or wealth 🔶

reaganomics

the economic policies of the Ronald Reagan US presidency, which advocated less government intervention in the economy and pro-industry, anti-labour, anti-regulation, anti-environmental regulations policies. Supporters of this perspective maintain that by lowering taxes, especially among those likely to invest (the wealthy), economic growth will be encouraged through increased investment. 🔶

Monopoly

the exclusive ownership or control of trade in a particular good or service 🔶

US Bill of Rights

the first 10 amendments to the US constitution. Ratified by the original 13 states by 1791, it is based primarily on John Locke's concept of 'natural rights' for all individuals, including life, liberty, and the protection of property 🔶

civil liberties

the means by which modern liberals seek to maintain dignity and fair treatment for all 🔶

Referendum

the principle or practice of referring measures proposed or passed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection.

deregulation

the removal of restrictions, especially the government, in a particular industry 🔶

popular sovereignty

the sovereignty of the people's rule. It is the principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power 🔶

subpoena

the summoning of someone to court 🔶

judicial branch

they have the power to interpret laws. They interpret government law and determine it constitutionally (if it fits with the Constitution) 🔶

national liberation movements

this is the release of the colonies. Wars of national liberation or national liberation revolutions are conflicts fought by nationalities to gain independence. The term is used in conjunction with wars against foreign powers (or at least those perceived as foreign) to establish separate sovereign states for the rebelling nationality 🔶

controlled participation

this is used in Authoritarian regimes where voting is highly rigged. It is a propaganda tool to show that the leader technically has full support. Maintains the perception of legitimacy 🔶

glasnost

this term is associated with Gorbachev, USSR leader. He had a policy of open discussion of political and economic issues, political transparency 🔶

aboriginal rights

those rights that exist simply because aboriginal peoples have inhabited Canada. The partition of the constitution in 1982 was an opportunity to resolve some of those issues. In 1982, the Constitution act recognized and affirmed existing Aboriginal and treaty rights 🔶

labor standards, universal suffrage

two main factors that arose from classical liberalism and shaped modern liberalism (after IR): ___: a factor that influenced the modern liberalism of today- the call for labor legislation has its roots in the abuses of early capitalism. Individuals realized that there was far more power in negotiating collectively and Unions were born. 🔶 ___: the right for all adults to vote 🔶

liberal(individualist), communitarian, civil republican

views on citizenship: ___: citizenship is a status, individuals are urged to take up their civic responsibilities rather than to rely on government ___: citizenship is a practice, it arises from a sense of belonging and desire to achieve the common good ___: citizenship is a practice, it is shaped by a sense of civic identity and in particular it desires to create a reciprocal relationship b/t the individual and the state

Russian revolution

was a reaction to the injustices of the authoritarian czarist system and uncontrolled free-market capitalism, in which a small group of people benefited from the peasants and proletariat. The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin sought to destroy this class-based system, reject classical liberal economic principles, and provide better living and working condition for all. The Russian peasant had long suffered. The 1905 revolution did not go over well with the government and citizen grew steadily more dissatisfied. The Czar's government was inefficient as well as authoritarian. The government resisted any sort of suggestion of change. The Czar did try basic reforms after the 1905 revolution but it did not work as the implementation of these laws did not really help to ease the balance of power. It was when Russia was losing the war that communist forces took over. Communism was established in 1922 when the civil war between the Red Army and the White army was over. 🔶

FLQ

was a separatist and Marxist-Leninist paramilitary group in Quebec 🔶

Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act

was implemented by Hoover during the Great Depression. Hoover made the situation worse by raising tariffs by import goods from the US, went up to 19% to protect the US but this caused a cascade problem as Canada, Britain, and Australia did the same thing so they wouldn't be affected as much. Global trade then slowed down and US exports were not brought. Bretton Woods's agreement after 1945 reversed this. But, the tariff act made the depression even worse 🔶

Margaret Thatcher

was influenced by monetarism and tried to reduce the government's role in economy through the application of classical economic principles. Following 1979, the Thatcher government in Britain put in action the following polices: wide scale privatization, emphasis on individual initiative, reduced the power of labour unions, reduced income and corporate taxes. Thatcher stabilized the economy, but like Reagan, undid most of the program and services put into place 🔶

Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act

was passed by the Liberal government of Canada in response to the September 11, 2001, attacks in the United States.

nationalization

where private enterprises fall under government control 🔶

martial law

where the military directly controls the government and civilian life. It is supposed to be temporary 🔶

habeus corpus

you can't be detained without knowing what you're detained for, and you have the right to hear it in an open court where others can hear it as well 🔶

neoconservatism beliefs

•(economics) believe that economic growth can be stimulated by cutting taxes and that government involvement in economic markets should be limited (WTO and IMF both promote free trade and reducing tariffs) •(politics) do not favour a lot of government help in providing programs. Most liberal in that they would favour private schools (Modern and Classical both want gov. to provide education) •(foreign policy) patriotism is good, a world gov. is not. Nations need strong militaries as they have interests that extend beyond its own borders. Democratic capitalism is a preferable system to others and should be promoted internationally •(morality) hold traditional values, influenced by 'Christian right'- challenges both modern and classical in that they view religion as a private matter 🔶

modern liberalism beliefs

•(equality/economics) everyone should be equal- believed that certain conditions prevented all members of society from achieving equality. For those people, government intervention was essential to ensure the equality of OUTCOME, rather than simply opportunity. (i.e taxes established to provide for social programs- this limit placed on personal freedom is justified if it benefitted all of society (i.e progressivists) •(basic needs) believe that you cannot be free if your basic needs are not met, oppressed by unfair labour practices, or subject to discrimination. However they also believe that increased intervention could result in tyranny, so there should be broader social protection and guarantees of civil liberties and equal rights. •(politics) more transparent government 🔶

classical liberalism beliefs

•(politics) all have equal political power. Greater political stability would result from more direct democratic systems •(economics) believe that economic markets with little or no government intervention would bring the most benefit to all •(equality) believe that some inequality is a natural result of protecting property rights and guaranteeing freedoms. However this is acceptable as there is still an equality of OPPORTUNITY, rather than an equality of outcome 🔶

causes of the wall street crash

•Industry and agriculture were too productive, meaning there was high supply but low demand. Prices thus fell. •Many people borrowed money to invest in the market thinking that it would continue to rise. These investments further inflated the prices of stocks. ...... 🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹🔹

features of the New Deal

•alphabet agencies (i.e CCC, (Civilian Conservation Corps) had young men from unemployed families work in rural areas for work such as planting trees) •social security act of 1935 (gave government pensions to those who could not provide for themselves, unemployment insurance was introduced, taxed workers to provide money for social security) •labour laws (i.e Fair Labour Standards Act of 1938 which set out the minimum hours of work and minimum wage laws) 🔶

Liberalism

- A collection of ideologies all committed to the principle of the dignity and freedom of the individual as the foundation for society.

Individualism

- A current of thinking that values the freedom and worth of the individual, sometimes over the security and harmony of the group

Collectivism

- A current of thinking that values the goals of the group and the common good over the goals of any one individual

Bolsheviks

- A faction of the marxist Russian social democratic labour parties

Physiocrats

- A group in enlightenment philosophers in France who criticized the prevailing economics of mercantilism

Urbanization

- An increase in the number of people residing in cities and extension of urban boundaries to include areas that we previously rural

Adherence to collective norms

- Faithful Observance of the norms or standards imposed on members of a group as a condition of membership in the group. Can relate to conduct, values or appearance.

John Locke

- John Locke, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and known as the "Father of Classical Liberalism"

John Stuart Mill

- John Stuart Mill, was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. He was an influential contributor to social theory, political theory and political economy.

Hegemony

- Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others

Economic Freedom

- The freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, idea, or product to whomever you wish

Common good

- The good of a community; Something that benefits the public health, safety and well being

Montesquieu

- Montesquieu, was a French lawyer, man of letters, and political philosopher who lived during the Age of Enlightenment.

Marxism

A radical form of socialism, often called scientific socialism or communism. Includes the belief that the only way to overthrow capitalism is through a class struggle- a worker's revolution. Characterized by a command economy 🔶

Humanists

- Someone who believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith and who has developed an interpretation of history and beliefs about human nature, the structure of society, and the purpose of life, based on reason rather than religion

SS

- The Schutzstaffel, was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.

Enclosure

- The act of enclosing. land that had been held in common becomes the private property of an individual.

Censorship

- The acts of restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good

Personal Identity

- The idea you have of yourself as a unique individual

Collective Identity

- The identity that you share with other people as a member of a larger social group

Politburo

- The executive committee for a number of political parties

Estates General

- The legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons).

Capital

- The money or other assets with which an entrepreneur starts in business

Autarky

- The quality of being self - Sufficient

Universal Suffrage

- The right of all members of society, once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically

Collective Interest

- The set of interests that members of a group have in common.

Co-operation

- Working together to the same end; A principle emphasized by collectivist ideologies

Pluralism

- a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, coexist

Cooperative

- a farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.

Keynesian Economics

- is the view that in the short run, especially during recessions, economic output is strongly influenced by the amount of demand

Progressivism

A 1920s movement in the united states, usually associated with president Theodore Roosevelt, that reacted to the perceived abuses of laissez-faire capitalism by large corporations. The movement favoured a 'square deal' for average citizens and used legislation and some regulation of the marketplace to achieve this. 🔶

New Economic Policy

An economic policy introduced by Lenin which brought back some aspects of capitalism on a temporary basis to stimulate the economy after the ineffective 'war communism'. Also allowed peasants to own farmland and decide what they would produce. Small private businesses were also allowed to produce and sell consumer goods. 🔶

Command Economy

An economic system based on public (state) ownership of property in which government planners decide which goods to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed (for example, what price to be sold). Also known as a centrally planned economy; usually found in communist states. 🔶

Labour Unions

Associations of workers engaged in a similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. Their purpose was to provide a united voice that speaks for the rights of its members 🔶

Great Purge

Came out of the dissent was rising due to the famine, industrialization, and strict control. Stalin carried this out to eliminate opposition from 1930-40. Over a million were in Gulags (concentration camps), and thousands were executed (including members of the red army) 🔶

Reactionary

Tending to oppose change. A reactionary change in a political regime often idealizes the past and accepts economic inequality. 🔶

Dissent

The political act of disagreeing, the right to disagree. Sometimes takes the form of popularly organized opposition to a tradition or an official policy or statute. 🔶

Kulak

a comparatively wealthy peasant (arisen through the 'New Economic Policy') who employed hired labour or possessed farm machinery (landowner) and who was viewed and treated by the communists during the drive to collective agriculture in the 1920-1930s as an oppressor and a class enemy (scapegoat) 🔶

Totalitarianism

a government system that seeks complete control over the public and private lives of its citizens (i.e fascism, communism). They respond to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They consider the existing society of needing a complete transformation, which could be either radical or reactionary. 🔶

Democratic Socialism

a political ideology that advocates political democracy alongside social ownership of the means of production, often with an emphasis on democratic management of enterprises within a socialist economic system. Opposite of democratic capitalism. Owen is a big supporter of democratic socialism 🔶

Luddism

a protest movement of the early 1800s against industrialization and mechanization. Protesters broke into factories and destroyed machines. (reactionary, conservatism) 🔶

Night of the long knives

a purge that took place in Nazi Germany from June to July 1934 🔶

square deal

a term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the act of treating both labour and capital fairly- it was his attempt to curb the excesses of laissez-faire 🔶

democratic capitalism

also known as capitalist democracy, is a political, economic, and social ideology that involves the combination of a democratic political system with a capitalist economic system. It is the opposite of democratic socialism 🔶

Mercantilism

an economic theory that says that the aim of all economic pursuits should be to strengthen the power and wealth of the state- there should be more exporting than importing 🔶

Socialism

an ideology that believes that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. Believe the following: •Private ownership of the means of production permits exploitation •The state should direct the economy to achieve economic equality for all citizens •Society should be classless 🔶

Classical Conservatism

an ideology that says government should represent the legacy of the past as well as the well-being of the present, and that society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion, that government should be chosen by a limited electorate, that leaders should be humanitarian, and that the stability of society is all important. (i.e Edmund Burke) 🔶

Income Disparity

difference in earnings between the rich and the poor 🔶

Rule of Law

key principle in liberal democracies that states that every individual is equal before the law and all citizens are subject are subject to the law

Industrialization

the stage of economic development during which the application of technology results in mass production and mass consumption within a country- this is accompanied by urbanization and changes in national living standards 🔶

Dictatorship of the proletariat

the theoretical organization of a communist society in the early stage of communism. The centralized government of the state, which would be elected by the workers, would control all aspects of life 🔶

Fiscal Policy

used by the government to influence the economy, attempt to improve unemployment rates, control inflation, and stabilize business. Refers to the direct taxing and spending actions of governments. Governments can raise or lower taxes, and raise or lower their spending on projects and programs. Governments are usually the biggest single spender in a modern economy, so these decisions have a direct effect on the economy of the country 🔶

Enabling Act

was a 1933 amendment to the weimar constitution that gave the german cabinet the power to enact laws without involvement of the Reichstag 🔶

Demand Side Economics

where the economy is intervened by the government to create stability. Governments should spend money in a recession to reduce its severity. It should also raise taxes. Governments should spend less money in times of boom and raise taxes so that when there is a bust it does not come crashing down 🔶