SOCIOEXAM3

The term crime can be defined as: Question options: A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions. A harmful action directed at the authorities. A sequence of events leading to incarceration. An unintended consequence of necessary action.

A behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions.

The United States Government is a form of: Question options: A bureaucracy A coercive organization A total institution A normative organization

A bureaucracy

The term meritocracy is defined by the text as: Question options: A status-based regime in which advancement is unlikely. The removal of personal feelings from a professional situation. The authoritarian devalue of an employee. A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

A bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on proven and documented skills.

What is the difference between a primary group and a secondary group? Question options: A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal. A primary group is small and impersonal; a secondary group is large and consists of face-to-face relationships. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small, consisting of emotional, face-to-face relationships. A primary group is large and impersonal; a secondary group is small and purely instrumental in function.

A primary group is small, consisting of emotional face-to-face relationships; a secondary group is larger and impersonal.

A total institution can be defined as: Question options: A business which offers career advice for federal employees. A group in which the masses have a large influence in decision making. A clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy. An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.

An organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs.

A famous socialite is court-ordered to enter a rehabilitation center to eliminate her drug addiction. The socialite is about to become a member of a: Question options: Voluntary organization Paparazzi organization Utilitarian organization Coercive organization

Coercive organization

Which type of organization are we forced to join? Question options: Coercive organization Formal organization Normative organization Utilitarian organization

Coercive organization

According to the types of leadership, which type of leader is more concerned with the emotional well-being of the members? Question options: Instrumental Leader Democratic Leader Expressive Leader Authoritarian Leader

Expressive Leader

The concept "reference groups" can be defined as: Question options: Groups which consist of people for whom an individual feels great disdain. Groups a person belongs to and feels are an integral part of his or her identity. People who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way. Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Groups to which an individual compares himself or herself.

Grace works in at an advertising agency. Grace's coworkers help her complete presentations, contact clients, and assist her with research. Her coworkers are serving a(n): Question options: Expressive function Intrinsic function Elementary function Instrumental function

Instrumental function

An instrumental leader: Question options: Promotes emotional strength and health, ensuring that people feel supported. Refers to the main focus or goal of the leader. Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks. Rejects gender roles in the name of the feminist movement.

Is goal-oriented and largely concerned with accomplishing set tasks.

Christine is president of her Improvisation Comedy Troupe. When making decisions about booking gigs, rehearsal spaces, and call-times, Christine leaves the troupe to decide for themselves. Christine is a(n) _____ leader. Question options: Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-faire Republican

Laissez-faire

Functionalist Émile Durkheim believed some deviance within society was: Question options: Necessary; it challenged people's views. Dangerous; it encouraged disruptive behavior. Insignificant; deviance within society is largely ignored. Instrumental; it encouraged the population to rebel.

Necessary; it challenged people's views.

Solomon Asch concluded that one reason people conform to a group is because they believe: Question options: They are too weak to decide for themselves. The group is better informed than they are. Dissent is a form of weakness. Large groups never make mistakes.

The group is better informed than they are.

The McDonalidization of Society refers to: Question options: The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions. The obesity epidemic that's rapidly sweeping the United States. The country's increasing dependence on fast food as a daily meal. The increasing popularity of McDonalds as a hang-out for youths.

The increasing presence of the fast-food business model in common social institutions.

Justin enrolls in a local community college so he can one day become an engineer. Justin is about to become a member of a: Question options: Voluntary organization Paparazzi organization Utilitarian organization Coercive organization

Utilitarian organization

A primary group is a small group that is Question options: characterized by small, intimate, and are closest to us characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations

characterized by small, intimate, and are closest to us

Which of the following terms refers to going along with one's peers, with peers defined as individuals of a person's own status who have no special right to direct that person's behavior? Question options: Obediance Labeling Deviance Conformity

conformity

Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests social control is impacted by the strength of social bonds and deviance results from feelings of being disconnected? Question options: labeling theory anomie theory of deviance differential association control theory

control theory

Which theory was used by Edwin Sutherland to emphasize that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions with others? Question options: labeling theory differential association societal-reaction approach none of these

differential association

A (an) __________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact Question options: Group Aggregate Coercive organization Dyad

group

"Sanctions" are defined as Question options: penalties and rewards for means of enforcing rules/norms justifications for deviant behavior rules made by a government a loss of direction when the social control of individual behavior has become ineffective

penalties and rewards for means of enforcing rules/norms

Which theory states that crime is more likely in communities with weak social bonds and less social control? Question options: social disorganization theory labeling theory control theory differential association

social disorganization theory