Sociological Imaginations (SOC 153)

In the (blank) Census, Americans were given the opportunity for the first time to check multiple boxes to identify their race

2000

What percentage of American households are in the upper class?

5

Which racial group is most likely to have discussed with their children the meaning and significance of race?

Black families

Which of the following theories hold a critical view of the status quo?

Conflict

Which of the following theorists believed that we are dependent on what others think of us, OR, more accurately, what we think they think about us?

Cooley

Which theorist tried to explain the occurrence of suicide (typically studied as a psychological phenomenon) from a sociological perspective?

Durkheim

Who argued that social stratification is functional, ensuring that the most talented people feel the roles they are best suited for by rewarding them accordingly?

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore

The intended purpose of education is to prepare future members of society by teaching them to read and write. Recent research shows that school-age children are more likely to face hunger in the summer months when school is not in session. According to Robert Merton, then, we can classify "keeping children fed" as a (blank) function of education

Latent

Who believed that the maturing of industrial capitalism would create an increasing gap between the wealth of the minority and the poverty of the mass of the population?

Marx

Which modern sociological theory attempts to understand social behavior by examining the ways people interpret and give meaning to social signals and signs?

Symbolic Interaction

Which of the following sociological theorists introduced the concept of double consciousness?

W.E.B. DuBois

Which theorist wrote "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"?

Weber

Based solely on race and gender who among this group is likely to have the lowest earning potential?

a Black man

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

a convent

How do sociologists define a minority group?

a group whose members suffer from unequal treatment

According to differential association theory, which kind of person is more likely to be a delinquent?

a middle-class person whose friends frequently commit crime

How do sociologists define race?

a social category based on real or perceived biological differences

What type of research is aimed at creating social change, in which the researcher works closely with members of a community who also participate in the research?

action research

People and groups who influence our orientation to life and our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors through structured situations are known as:

agents of socialization

Which type of human society is characterized by small rural communities without towns or cities whose livelihood is mainly derived from agriculture?

agrarian

A person's health literacy is influenced by their (blank) a. class b. race c. gender and sexuality d. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of technology? a. an iPhone b. a space shuttle c. a hammer d. all of the above are examples of technology

all of the above are examples of technology

The belief that differences between men and women are natural and entirely explained by nature is known as,

biological essentialism

Sociologists increasingly argue that

both gender and sex are socially constructed

Alisa's neighborhood is usually quiet, but the local newspaper reported an increase in criminal activity there. One morning, Alisa found her garage vandalized and covered in paint and eggs. She did not have time to clean up the mess right away. Later that week, Alisa's neighbor found his car windshield shattered. What type of theorist would be the most likely to agree with the idea that a vandalized garage could lead to more crime?

broken windows

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

What type of theorist might argue that even the definition of crime is class biased, for example, that the crimes listed in the Uniform Crime Reports are crimes disproportionately committed by members of the lower class in the United States?

conflict

The following statement best describes which approach to culture? "Values and norms are part of the dominant culture and tend to represent and protect the interests of the most powerful groups in society"

conflict theory

According to Robert K. Merton, what are the majority of people in society?

conformists

Cynthia is a graduate student in sociology studying media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface. Her choice of methods is known as:

content analysis

Groups that reject prevailing values and norms are known as?

countercultures

Bourdieu talked about noneconomic or cultural resources that parents pass down to their children. He called these resources...

cultural capital

When we begin to notice that once distinct cultures are becoming increasingly similar, we can say that (blank) is occurring

cultural leveling

Sociologists would classify a drug-dealing gang whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority as a:

deviant subculture

An effect of colonialism on health was that

entire native populations in the Americas were wiped out because of exposure to diseases to which they had no resistance such as smallpox

When considering the disadvantages of certain research methods, (blank) are applicable only to certain types of research that can be constructed and measured in a controlled setting

experiments

The main institution dealing with sickness in premodern societies was the:

family

Which of the following groups is most important to the socialization process?

family

(Blank) are known as the customary ways of doing things and people who do not conform to them are thought of as eccentric but not necessarily dangerous

folkways

Researchers have become aware of geographic areas in which residents do not have easy access to high quality affordable food. These areas are known as?

food deserts

Kyle, a boy born in the U.S., is likely to be treated a specific way because of his gender starting at what age?

from the moment he is born

Mead would probably argue that if your four-year-old daughter picks her nose and keeps pulling up her dress while you are out at a fancy restaurant, it is because she:

has not internalized the generalized other

Young boys go to school to get an education (just like girls) yet, they are bombarded with the message that they should not show emotion. They get this message from multiple sources at school including teachers, coaches, and peers (both boys and girls). This message would be an example of something we call the

hidden curriculum

Sociology of the body refers to:

how and why bodies are affected by our social experiences

Which of the following explanations of gender inequality in the workplace suggests that women just tend to pick jobs that pay less than men?

human capital theory

Tonya is chronically ill and takes medications, does diagnostic tests, and undergoes physical therapy. These activities are considered (blank) work

illness

What is the key difference between a sociological definition of income and that of wealth?

income is earned, while wealth is held or invested

Emma is a partner at a large law firm in New York City. Her mother was a secretary at a bank, and her mother's mother cleaned offices for a living. This family history illustrates what concept?

intergenerational mobility

Hilda is a British sociologist who studies gender. She researches the day-to-day lives of female garment workers in Cambodia and concludes that the challenges facing working-class Cambodian women are very different from the challenges facing women in wealthy Western nations. Hilda's research best underscores the importance of:

intersectionality

Socialization is of utmost importance because

it is the key mechanism contributing to social reproduction

How does colorblindness contribute to racial inequalities?

it perpetuates racial inequalities by making subtle forms of racism difficult to recognize and therefore difficult to address

Émile Durkheim argues that deviance is necessary for a society, as it has an adaptive function. In suggesting this, Durkheim felt that society should respond to deviance in what way?

keep deviance within acceptable boundaries

Identities that overpower other traits an individual might possess are called

master statuses

Which of the following statements about racial differences in health is FALSE?

mental health differences are more vast than physical health

Ideologically the U.S. is a(n) (blank) system in which advancement is believed to be based in individual achievement or ability

meritocratic

A key difference between micro and macro approaches to sociology is:

microsociology focuses on individuals, their interactions, and groups while macrosociology examines large-scale social processes and their effects on individuals and groups

Which of the following terms regarding ethnic integration is viewed as the current ideal?

multiculturalism

When a professor is delivering a lecture and some students begin to whisper back and forth, the professor may stop the lecture, remain silent, and stare at the students. What is the professor's behavior an example of?

negative informal sanction

A common criticism of labeling theory is that labeling theorists:

neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as deviant

Our gender socialization includes the idea that men are more aggressive than women, however, even within this belief, there is room for some aggression from women. Which of the following is an example of aggression that is consistent with female gender role socialization?

perpetuating malicious gossip

How is prejudice different from discrimination?

prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action

According to Weber, which of the following is bestowed by others? a. prestige b. wealth c. power d. all of the above

prestige

Small slights, indignities, or acts of disrespect that are hurtful to people of color are known as ...

racial microaggressions

That we hold equality as one of our most important societal values and yet can find endless examples of inequality in American society speaks to the difference between:

real and ideal culture

The likelihood that a researcher will obtain the same result using the same measure the next time he or she tests a hypothesis is

reliability

Which of the following steps comes before the others listed below in the research process?

reviewing the literature

The adherence to norms in American society is stronger than we think. We are taught norms through the socialization process by family, peers, the media, and religious organizations among others. Because we internalize these norms, sanctions may not even be needed and social control, then, frequently looks like (blank)

self-control

Which of the following best describes the difference between the terms sex and gender?

sex is based on biological factors, while gender refers to social traits

Kai is romantically attracted to men, This direction of his romantic attraction is known as his:

sexual orientation

When sociologists study the existence of structured inequalities in a society, they refer to that structure as:

social stratification

The accumulated activities that people do together create the patterns and structures we call (blank)

society

Which of the following statements is true?

some cultures have room for an understanding of more than sexes and/or genders

Whether related to physical health, mental health, sexuality, or gender identity, a characteristic that society deems to be unacceptable is referred to as (blank)

stigma

In (blank) research, there is less concern about bias entering into the research process. Respondents may feel more comfortable giving candid answers to sensitive questions because they answer the questions in private

survey

Jeopardy style phrasing: One of the two main categories of culture, it includes values, beliefs, norms, and behaviors. What is (blank)?

symbolic culture

In a study on the culture of a specific religion, which theoretical perspective would be the most interested in looking at the ritual of prayer?

symbolic interactionism

The stereotype that girls/women are bad at math is MOST problematic in a classroom setting because

teachers may avoid calling on girls for math problems

Annette Lareau found that

the children of working-class parents are more likely to enjoy long periods of unstructured time often spent with friends and family members

An example of an "obesogenic environment" is:

the fast-food sandwich that tends to be less expensive than healthy salads

In what class do we typically find nurses, salespeople, elementary and high school teachers, and police officers?

the lower middle class

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction of race

(Blank) can help us appreciate alternative viewpoints and understand how they may have come about. We are using this when we try to understand the intersection between biology and history

the sociological imagination

A correlation is

the stimulus change in two variables

Marxist theory and feminist theory often have different objects of study. Despite this, they are both considered conflict theories. Which of the following statements best explains why?

they both focus on the role of power in shaping society

One of the differences between the nature of household work among men and women is that women's work around the home often:

ties them down to a regular schedule

When a researcher is successful at measuring what they intend to measure, this is called

validity

Which of the following exemplifies the Hawthorne Effect?

when the presence of a researcher impacts participant's behavior

In a study conducted by Devah Pager and her colleagues looking at preferences of Milwaukee employers seeking entry-level workers, they found which two groups to be similarly preferred?

whites with a felony conviction, blacks with no criminal history

Though the economic status of blacks appeared to have improved, prospects for Hispanics (blank) over the same time period; 2000-2012.

worsened

Which of the following explanations for not cheating on this exam is supported by control theory?

you sit in the front of the class and are afraid of getting caught