Sociology 1004 FINAL
"Organic solidarity" and "mechanical solidarity" are concepts developed by one of the early sociologists. He/She was:
Emile Durkheim
____ statuses carry primary weight and tend to overshadow other statuses.
Master
A population pyramid portrays the ____ and the ____ compositions of a population
age, sex
Much social science evidence supports the idea that:
"races" are socially defined categories
____ involves a belief in spirits or otherworldly beings.
Animism
Which of the following is NOT a method of social control discussed in the text and lectures?
Anomie (theory of deviance)
According to the ____ theory of deviance, social control works for the powerful and against the powerless.
Conflict
Which theory of crowd behavior sees the crowd as a supra-individual entity with its own capacity of feeling.
Contagion Theory
____ asks why people DO NOT deviate.
Control Theory
From the functionalist perspective, which of the following is NOT a function of schools?
Credentialism
According to one view from the ____ perspective on social change that was discussed in the textbook, each culture has a lifespan of approximately 1,000 years.
Cyclical
____ is a type of behavior that a considerable number of people in a society view as reprehensible and beyond the limits of tolerance.
Deviance
Which of the following is a function to deviance?
Deviance can be a catalyst for social change
____ is the requirement marriage occur within a group.
Endogamy
T or F: According to the J-curve theory of revolution, a revolution occurs anytime that actual need satisfaction is LESS than expected need satisfaction.
FALSE
T or F: According to the lecture, men have higher rates of all types of mental disorders
FALSE
T or F: According to the text, functionalists believe that ecological problems will "fix themselves" and there is no need to worry about environmental risks
FALSE
T or F: After the birth of a child, martial satisfaction tends to increase.
FALSE
T or F: As shown in the text, SAT scores are NOT correlated with income
FALSE
T or F: according to the text, the median age at first marriage in the United States has been steadily decreasing since the 1950's
FALSE
T or F: According to Karl Marx, there are three dimensions of stratification: wealth, prestige, power
FALSE -weber said it Marx believes in one dimension: wealth
Which theory of social change argues that forces of stability and change operate together over time?
Functionalist
According to ____ , children pass through three stages: "play," "game," and "generalized other."
George Herbert Mead
____ is a decision making-process in which people working in a group become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus that they lose their critical faculties.
Groupthink
____ are the social structures that are the principal instruments whereby the essential tasks of living are organized, directed, and executed, and each is built about a standard a standardized solution to a set of problems.
Institutions
The reading about the "saints" and the "roughnecks" provides evidence that is consistent with several theories of deviance, but the social processes emphasized by the author are consistent with the main principles of the ____ theory of deviance.
Labeling
____ is a process that maintains group distinctions over time.
Pluralism
____ has a wide distribution, but ____ is extremely rare
Polygyny / polyandry
According to the lectures, a function of religion that has NOT declined in modern society is:
Providing people with meaning and purpose (ontological function)
Which social movements seek to implement the existing value scheme more adequately?
Reform Movements
T or F: According to the lecture and the text, the main factor that makes authoritarianism different from other types of government is that authoritarianism is based on the use of authority as a method of controlling citizens.
TRUE
T or F: According to the lectures, the functionalist perspective on the family views the traditional family roles for husbands and wives and complementary and normal.
TRUE
T or F: According to the reading by Ryan and Peterson regarding occupational changes in the music industry, new technologies of making music have increased the power and advantages of large corporations have over small procedures and are making the process of music production less democratic than in the past.
TRUE
T or F: According to world system analysis, developing nations can not follow the developmental trajectory of Western nations and Japan
TRUE
T or F: Sociology does not concern itself with issues such as "Does God exist?" and "What is the nature of God?"
TRUE
____ defines what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior for people with a disease or health problem.
The Sick Role
____ indicated the number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year.
The crude birth rate
The critical characteristic that distinguishes minority groups from other groups is:
Their lack of power
"If people define situations are real, they are in real in their consequences," is a good definition of the:
Thomas Theorem
According to the lectures, there are three criteria for establishing that a variable "X" is a causal factor influencing another factor "Y". There are (a) time priority (X comes before Y), (b) no other variable causes both X and Y, and (c) ____
X and Y are correlated
The first stage of the demographic transition is characterized by:
a high death rate
Which was NOT a factor discussed in class as causing the baby boom?
a permanent change in the long term decline in fertility
Children fail to learn when their teachers do not except that they can learn. This describes:
a self-fulfilling prophecy
"A persistent and organized effort of a large number of people to bring about or resist change" This is a good definition of:
a social movement
A(n) ____ is a collection of individuals who happen to be in the same place at the same time at the same time.
aggregate
A collection of people engaged in rioting is:
an acting crowd
According to the textbook, the criminal justice system in the U.S. is ____ system.
an adversary
A group with which we identify and and to which we belong is called:
an in-group
According to the data on church membership in the U.S. over time that was presented in class, rates of church membership:
are higher today than in the 1800's
Legitimate power is termed:
authority
Social differentiation is a process by which a society
becomes increasingly specialized over time
Studies of rape in modern U.S. society indicate that
between 10 and 20 percent of women are raped in their lifetimes
A(n) ____ is a type of subculture in which norms, values and lifestyles are in odds with those of the larger society
counterculture
A ____ is a religious movement that represents a new and independent religious tradition
cult
Anthropology is more focused on ____ than is sociology.
culture
____ has to do with the physical compactness of people in space.
density
Resource Mobilization Theory argues that:
discontent is constant
Which is a true statement regarding divorce rates in the U.S.?
divorce rates have decreases a little in recent years (1980's-1990's)
According to the lecture, Erving Goffman uses a(n) ____ approach to analyze social interaction.
dramaturgical
Functionalists argue that the state has four functions: 1. Planing and direction, 2. arbitration of conflicting interests, 3. protection against other societies, and 4. ____
enforcement of norms
According to the conflict theory, the state, with its police power, is necessary to:
ensure law and order by enforcing legal norms
Your father, mother and siblings belong to your:
family of orientation
A folkway that lasts a short period of time and is widely accepted is a:
fashion
According to the textbook, the ____ theory of ____ holds that stratification exists because it is beneficial for society.
functional / inequality
The attitude of the ____ is the attitude of the larger community.
generalized other
According to the matching hypothesis, we tend to select partners who:
have a degree of physical attractiveness similar to our own
According to the reading on a cross-national study of marriage and well-being by Ryan Hughes, and Hawdon, married people report ____ levels of life satisfaction than others in ____ countries
higher / most
According to the labeling theory of deviance, once a person has been processed by agents of social control and labeled a deviant, the chance that the person will commit deviant behavior in the future ____. If deviant behavior occurs after labeling, sociologist call this ____.
increases / secondary deviance
Gatekeeping was described in the text as a mechanism of
institutional discrimination
According to the lecture, one strategy of impression management thats salespersons often use is to make the ____ ties between seller and buyer appear to the customer as ____ tie of friendship.
instrumental / an expressive
A student group working together on a class project is bonded by ____.
instrumental ties
A majority of the U.S. population resides in the South and West due to:
internal migration
Low group productivity and high levels of interpersonal aggression are associated with which type of leadership?
laissez-faire
Authority in the bureaucracy of the modern state is:
legal-rational authority
In the first stage of ____, we imagine how we appear to others.
looking-glass self
Which of the following is NOT a reason for high divorce rates in the U.S.?
low expectations for the quality of life
According to the lecture, the term family:
may refer to either a micro or macro structure
According to the reading on Religion by Bellah and his colleagues, in recent years religious intellectuals deriving from the mainline Protestant churches have become ____ the general culture.
more influential in
According to the lecture, ____ are norms that reflect very important moral concerns.
mores
"Social Structure" refers to ____ patterns of human social relationships.
ordered and stable
A ____ arrangement means that descent and inheritance go through the father's side of the family
patrilineal
The "underclass" refers to people in:
persistent poverty
Karl Marx theorized:
population is a problem when there are more people than can be profitably employed
The ____ would rarely be larger than 100,000 in population.
preindustrial city
According to lectures, two somewhat contradictory views of education are that it is and institution that provides (a) enlightenment, knowledge and mobility for individuals, and (b) ____
provides the society with a trained workforce
While scholars argue that communication may either be verbal or non-verbal,
researchers estimate that less than half of communication is verbal
____ occurs when an individual finds the expectations of a role incompatible.
role strain
An important latent function of educational institutions is:
secondary socalization
A ____ is rooted in established religious traditions, but stands apart from mainstream society
sect
According to the lecture, sexism has two primary distinctions:
social structure / subjective
If we noted that there was a group of people that lived within one territory and shared a common culture, we would call this group a:
society
The term "gender" is used by social scientists to refer to the ____ distinction between men and women.
socio-cultural
The history of world population growth was discussed in lecture. According to this presentation, world population growth:
steadily increased over the past 200 years and such growth continues at a rapid rate
Which characteristics can we observe in all crowds?
suggestibility and deindividuation
When it comes to social change, we are more accepting of technological innovations than changes in sexual behavior norms. This phenomenon is related to:
supporting values and norms
Researchers who use ____ as their research method always employ a control group as a neutral standard against which changes in another group can be compared.
the experiment
The development of industrial urban centers was accelerated by:
the locations of factories in cities
According to Parkinson's Law:
work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion
According to the reading on population by Lenski, Lenski, and Nolan, if small two-child families become the rule tomorrow throughout the world:
world population would increases approximately 10% and then stop growing
According to lectures, self evaluation has two dimensions:
worth (self-esteem) and efficacy (personal efficacy)