Sociology 101 Exam 2

To show ourselves as expert role players and to gain positive recognition from others, we often have additional people work with us to ensure that our role communicates to others the ideas that we want them to form about us. This is referred to as ________. face-saving teamwork cooperation social manipulation

teamwork

Ferdinand Tönnies' term for the type of society he referred to as the "intimate community" was ________. The term he used to describe the type of society characterized by "impersonal association" was ________. mechanical society; organic society Gesellschaft; Gemeinschaft organic society; mechanical society Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft

Gemeinschaft; Gesellschaft

Sam is conducting interviews to assess students' opinions on how President Bush handled the second Gulf War. Because this is a controversial topic at Sam's conservative campus, what is the best way for him to develop a sense of rapport with the sample? He should pay the interviewed students a stipend for their cooperation. He should begin by asking neutral questions and holding off on sensitive issues. He should tell the students he interviews their identities will be kept secret. He should begin by telling the participants that he is a Democrat.

He should begin by asking neutral questions and holding off on sensitive issues.

Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis? "All men are created equal." "A penny saved is a penny earned." "Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men." "More than 300 million people live in the United States."

"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men."

A small group of seven students evaluated Professor Zanylo's lectures. On a scale of 1 to 10, the scores the students registered were 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10. Professor Zanylo's mode score was ________ and his median score was ________. 7.4; 9 10; 7.4 4; 10 9; 8

9; 8

Which of the following would not be considered unobtrusive measures? Malls tracking patrons through their Smartphones so stores can send them targeted ads. Face-recognition cameras at kiosks that classify people by age and sex and post targeted ads. Bionic mannequins that greet customers' and ask them targeted questions about their purchasing habits. Correct! Cameras that follow you through the store recording your every move.

Cameras that follow you through the store recording your every move.

Dr. Zalewski expects her students to be on time for class, holds them for the entire class period, and has firm deadlines set for reports and other assignments. Sociologically, which statement best describes Dr. Zalewski's approach to teaching? Dr. Zalewski is engaged in the macrosociological approach. Dr. Zalewski is advocating social inequality by maintaining different standards than other faculty. Dr. Zalewski has set up a system of academic social stratification. Dr. Zalewski has created a strong sense of social structure in her classroom.

Dr. Zalewski has created a strong sense of social structure in her classroom.

The anthropologist recognized for his work on personal space was ________. Talcott Parsons Edward Hall William I. Thomas Robert K. Merton

Edward Hall

The presentation of self in everyday life, also called dramaturgy, was developed by ________. Talcott Parsons Edwin Sutherland Erving Goffman Travis Hirschi

Erving Goffman

What is the defining characteristic of a random sample? It consists of an equal number of men and women. It is created by asking questions of people who randomly happen to walk by. It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen. It ensures that every person in the sample represents a specific racial, gender, or religious group.

It gives each person in the population of interest an equal chance of being chosen.

There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship? It is a spurious relationship. It is a cause-and-effect relationship. It is an indirect relationship.

It is a spurious relationship.

In research, to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that the sample must possess? It must include at least 25 percent of the total population. It must be representative of the total population. It must consist of people who are selected and people who volunteer. It must be quantitative in order to make comparisons.

It must be representative of the total population.

Michael is going to survey members of the gay and lesbian student union and gather data on their personal lives, interests, and demographics to develop a profile of their membership. To be most successful and receive the most valid responses, what should Michael do? Michael should include a statement in his survey that he is gay. Michael should refrain from asking for data on sexual behavior. Michael should distribute the survey only to volunteers. Michael should begin the questionnaire by asking neutral questions.

Michael should begin the questionnaire by asking neutral questions.

Officer Friel has just pulled over a motorist exceeding the speed limit by 40 miles per hour. When he approached the vehicle, he recognizes the driver as his best friend's daughter. Officer Friel is aware that the young lady has had some money problems and the last thing she can afford is a $200 speeding ticket that will also raise her insurance rates. At this point, which of the following terms best describes the position facing Officer Friel? Officer Friel is experiencing role strain. Officer Friel is experiencing role conflict. Officer Friel is now engaged in role reversal. Officer Friel is faced with status inconsistency.

Officer Friel is experiencing role conflict.

In what three states do 75 percent of the Old Order Amish live? Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia

Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana

Jackie enjoys having her boyfriend Seth hold her close when they are watching television. She appreciates it when Professor Jones maintains a distance of at least two feet from her while he assists her with her tutoring. In view of this, which statement applies to the relationships that Jackie shares with Seth and with her professor? Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at public distance. Seth is enjoying social distance and the professor is at public distance. Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at personal distance. Seth is enjoying social distance and the professor is at personal distance.

Seth is enjoying intimate distance and the professor is at personal distance.

Which of the following statements best describes how stereotypes affect our interaction with others when we first meet? Stereotypes are usually based on objective facts and hold true. Stereotypes are rarely important in social interaction. Stereotypes provide accurate information about what the person is like. Stereotypes are the assumptions we make that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Stereotypes are the assumptions we make that can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

Milo, a highly successful attorney, just received a $200 ticket for speeding. Jim, an unemployed father of six, received a $50 fine for parking in a restricted area. Milo considers his $200 ticket an inconvenience, but Jim sees his $50 fine as a financial disaster. Why do Milo and Jim feel so differently about their fines, even though Milo's is four times greater than Jim's? Milo understands the meaning of a dollar and Jim does not. Because Milo is an attorney, he has ways to turn his fine into a business expense. Their location in the social structure has created Milo's and Jim's reactions. The cultural standards of an attorney and those of an unemployed father of six are vastly different.

Their location in the social structure has created the difference between Milo's and Jim's reactions.

Jane is a 49-year-old woman of Irish-German descent. What do these characteristics have in common? These are examples of her ascribed statuses. These are examples of her achieved statuses. These, particularly her Irish-German descent, are part of her master status. These characteristics are examples of status inconsistency.

These are examples of her ascribed statuses.

Leo, Ryan, and Matthew regularly interact with one another and share similar values, norms, and expectations. In view of this, which concept most applies to their relationship? They are an aggregate. They are a category. They are a group. They are a social institution.

They are a group.

John and Doug are both full professors in a state university, holding doctorate degrees from Ivy League schools. Both make about the same salary and enjoy a similar sense of prestige in the community and on campus. Based only on this information, what do John and Doug have in common? They share the same social location in all respects. They have identical social roles. They are members of the same social class. They share a great deal of social solidarity.

They are members of the same social class.

In Amsterdam, a 21-year-old prostitute is scantily clothed, exhibiting her attributes in a storefront, smiling at potential patrons as they walk by. Based on this mental image, which statement best describes what is in progress? This is an example of social interaction. A misdemeanor is being committed. The prostitute is guilty of indecent exposure. This a classic example of macrosociology.

This is an example of social interaction.

If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. This classic statement is known as the ________. Peter principle Thomas theorem Ouchi principle Garfinkel theorem

Thomas theorem

Which of the following is an example of social structure? a student reading a sociology textbook a social worker watching a panel discussion on television a homeless man sleeping on a sidewalk heating grate a driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals

a driver signaling a right turn with his directional signals

Which of the following examination formats is most likely to incorporate closed-ended questions? an essay exam a multiple-choice exam an oral exam a fill-in-the-blank exam

a multiple-choice exam

Which of the following groups is LEAST qualified as a social institution? a neighborhood street gang a family a religious group a military unit

a neighborhood street gang

Which of the following topics would most likely be approached based on a macrosociological analysis? a study of the social norms used by street corner men a study of the face-to-face interaction of members of a research group a study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans of business people a study of the ways in which children in a play group develop language skills

a study of the impact of terrorism on the travel plans of business people

An approach to social interaction in which social life is analyzed in terms of the stage is called ________. ethnomethodology functional analysis dramaturgy phenomenological analysis

dramaturgy

Which of the following research errors is less likely to be classified as fraud and more likely to be considered as simply sloppy work? analyzing the data incorrectly choosing a biased sample asking biased questions disregarding undesirable results

analyzing the data incorrectly

In ethnomethodology, the ideas we take for granted that underlie our behavior and that we violate at our risk are called ________. background assumptions social facts social traits symbols

background assumptions

Which of the following represents an achieved status? being a high school drop-out acting like your mother when she was your age having a prescribed sex (male or female) knowing your particular ethnic descent

being a high school drop-out

Facial expressions, posture, and gestures are all examples of ________. body language personal images interpretations role performance

body language

Which of the following perspectives is most appropriate for a research sociologist to use? microsociology macrosociology neither macro nor microsociology both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation

both macro and microsociology, depending upon the situation

Theorists who would argue that the mass media represents the interests of society's political and economic elites would be most aligned with the ________ perspective. functionalist symbolic interactionist structuralist conflict

conflict

In an experiment, one group of participants is exposed to treatment, another is exposed to an application identified to them as treatment, and another is not exposed to any treatment. In such a procedure, the participants who are not exposed to any form of treatment, either genuine or false, are classified as the ________ group. rival placebo experimental control

control

The three conditions necessary for causation between variables are ________, ________, and ________. correlation coefficient; temporal priority; positive correlation temporal priority; negative correlation; positive correlation negative correlation; spurious correlation; correlation coefficient correlation; temporal priority; lack of spurious correlation

correlation; temporal priority; lack of spurious correlation

As societies grow larger, they divide work among members based on some standardized characteristic such as age or sex. This is referred to as ________. social solidarity social imperative division of labor class structure

division of labor

Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is single but feels married to her work. Last year she received a $20,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this information, Andrea's ascribed status is ________ and her achieved status is ________. female; married bonus recipient; associate editor married; bonus recipient female; associate editor

female; associate editor

Basic needs that a society must meet in order to survive, which include replacement of members, preserving order, and socializing new members, are referred to as ________. functional requisites cultural goals societal mandates symbolic needs

functional requisites

he notion that the mass media represents the varied interests of many groups would reflect a position consistent with ________ theory. exchange conflict functionalist symbolic interactionist

functionalist

What are the three qualities on which research ethics is based? rapport; generalizability; validity honesty; truth; openness random sample; observation; fieldwork consistency; accuracy; clarity

honesty; truth; openness

What are the three primary variables in determining one's social class? race, sex, residence income, education, occupational prestige race, sex, income income, education, sex

income, education, occupational prestige

A researcher is asking questions of a serious nature, and a respondent gives only "socially acceptable" answers. This is an example of ________. research fraud poor sample selection interviewer bias research bias

interviewer bias

An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinions on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five of the white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process? interviewer bias faulty hypothesis inappropriate research method misunderstanding of the subjects' world

interviewer bias

Jasmine is an African American graduate student. She is conducting research on the effects that affirmative action programs have had on American corporations. She found that 95 percent of the subjects she personally interviewed with open-ended questions, covering a diverse sample of 500 corporate executives, stated that they approved of affirmative action. Her response rate approving affirmative action programs was dramatically higher than the national average. In view of this, Jasmine's research was most likely affected by ________. research fraud interviewer bias biased sample poor interviewing technique

interviewer bias

A focus on the broad features of society to analyze such things as social class and how groups relate to one another is called ________. macrosociology microsociology meta analysis qualitative analysis

macro sociology

All of the following represent one of the five functional requisites that every society must fulfill to survive EXCEPT for which one? replacing members socializing new members maintaining traditional gender relations providing a sense of purpose

maintaining traditional gender relations

A position in society that cuts across other statuses a person holds, such as being a high-ranking Army officer, a college president, or a handicapped Olympian, would be considered that person's ________. ascribed status social status master status status set

master status

Based on Durkheim's classification of society, the Old Order Amish would fall into which category? mechanical solidarity organic solidarity Gemeinschaft Gesellschaft

mechanical solidarity

Expectations that guide our behavior are called ________. values norms statuses roles

norms

Precise ways to measure variables in research so that comparisons can be made and replications can later be done are referred to as ________. reliability correlation validity operational definitions

operational definitions

Mechanical solidarity is to Gemeinschaft as ________ solidarity is to Gesellschaft. organic tribal folk natural

organic

According to Durkheim, when a society increases in size, its division of labor becomes more specialized. People begin to depend upon one another and become interdependent. This form of social cohesion was a concept that he termed ________. Gemeinschaft organic solidarity mechanical solidarity Gesellschaft

organic solidarity

Jarod is conducting research on the homeless. For six weeks, he has lived among the homeless "24/7," sleeping on the street or at a shelter, and engaging in the same activities as the population he is studying. By doing so, Jarod has been able to gather a broad understanding of the homeless, their needs, and characteristics. In view of this, Jarod is using ________ as a method of gathering data. representative sampling secondary analysis content analysis participant observation

participant observation

Which two research methods did Laud Humphreys utilize in his classic "tearoom" study? participant observation and surveys experiments and documents secondary analysis and surveys unobtrusive measures and secondary analysis

participant observation and surveys

When sociologists Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla (1984, 2014) interviewed convicted rapists in prison they were concerned that the prisoners might shift their answers depending on which researcher was interviewing them because one was male and one was female. They were concerned that gender might lead to... interviewer bias. generalizability. ethical issues. plagiarism.

plagiarism.

Anthony, a retired Army officer, is a professor of sociology at a small state university. During the Vietnam War, he was awarded the Medal of Honor and he usually wears a small ribbon on the lapel of his suit coat denoting this. He also wears his West Point ring from the class of 1965. Using the terminology of dramaturgy, the lapel pin and class ring would be classified as ________. stages background assumptions role performances props

props

The feeling of trust that researchers establish with their respondents is referred to as ________. commitment rapport empathy confidentiality

rapport

Tiffany has a keen interest in the original theories of William Sheldon regarding the relationship between body type and juvenile delinquency. She has duplicated the study using Sheldon's original methodology to see if her results are compatible to Sheldon's. Such a study illustrates the concept of ________. validity reliability replication correlation

replication

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are called ________. folkways roles mores simple norms

roles

When we communicate information about ourselves, we use the social setting, our appearance, and our manners to make impressions on others. Erving Goffman referred to these methods as ________. sign-vehicles status symbols sanctions role cues

sign-vehicles

The organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs are referred to as ________. social institutions social imperatives social aggregates social solidarity

social institutions

What term does Durkheim use to describe the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values and other social bonds? social stratification social class social imperative social integration

social integration

The typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers, are referred to as ________. social solidarity social imperative social institutions social structure

social structure

Because of his incredibly accelerated study program, Professor Zuchov has the unique privilege of being a 17-year-old university professor. Sociologically, this is an example of ________. role strain social imperative impression management status inconsistency

status inconsistency

Bumper stickers such as "Proud Parent of an Honor Student" and "Warning: This Driver Convicted of DUI" are best described as being ________. status symbols master statuses negative sanctions positive sanctions

status symbols

Signs that identify a position in society that someone occupies are referred to as ________. achieved master status ascribed master status inherited status status symbols

status symbols

Believing that all football players are academically challenged, that all African Americans are great athletes, and that all women can cook well are examples of ________. culture shock the relativist fallacy stereotyping cultural relativism

stereotyping

A face-saving technique in which all parties involved in an embarrassing situation ignore it and continue their conversation or interaction as though the embarrassing situation never happened is referred to as ________. redefining the situation teamwork studied nonobservance impression management

studied nonobservance

Which sociological perspective is most closely linked to microsociology? the conflict perspective structural functionalism symbolic interactionism the feminist perspective

symbolic interactionism

Based on dramaturgy, what is the definition of social setting? the sign-vehicle where action unfolds the players involved in the production the audience viewing what transpires the scenery that is a part of the social environment

the sign-vehicle where action unfolds

Steve and Naomi are counting the empty whiskey bottles in trashcans to measure the level of whiskey consumption in town. These researchers are using a method of research referred to as ________. documentation participant observation survey research unobtrusive measures

unobtrusive measures

The difference between status and role is that ________. status identification is strictly enforced, but roles are not we occupy a status that is a social position, but we play a role that is a social expectation status is voluntary, but role is obligatory status determines social position, while role is not significant

we occupy a status that is a social position, but we play a role that is a social expectation