Sociology 2
macro-level orientation
A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.
Intragenerational social mobility
A change in social positions that occurs during a person's lifetime
concept
A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a somewhat simplified form. "The family" is an example.
measurement
A procedure used to determine the value of a variable in a specific case
key informant
A researcher doing participant observation may often "break in" to a setting more easily with the help of this person
theory
A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related
Social Stratification
A system by which categories of people within a society are ranked in a hierarchy
Why is a triad more stable than a dyad
A triad can survive if two members are struggling, since the other member can intervene and try to negotiate the conflict between the other two members
Laws of 3 Stages
According to Auguste Comte, society developed according specific periods of historical development. What did Comte call these periods of historical development?
to increase profits
According to Durkheim, why are modern societies characterized by job specialzation?
lower social integration.
According to Emile Durkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have
wealthy people
According to Emile Durkheim, were more likely than others to commit suicide?
Alienation
According to Marx is the isolation and misery that results from feeling powerless
the Hawthorne effect
Any change in a subject's behavior that is caused by the awareness of being studied
Characteristics of a bureaucracy
Communications are formal in writing
Popular Culture
Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population and include such activities as going to the movies or attending a football game
material culture and idea culture
Culture is composed of ______ and _______.
I, Me
George H. Mead argues that the "self" is composed of the _____ and the _______
Verstehen
German word meaning "understanding" was used by Max Weber to describe his approach to sociological research
Weight gain
In the following hypothesis, identify the dependent variable: People who consume lots of junk food will experience an increase in weight.
Auguste Comte
Known as the "father of sociology"
Science
Logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.
Social Institutions
Major spheres of social life organized to meet our basic needs
an approach that states how human beings produce material goods shapes their experiences
Marx's ideas about capitalism are grounded in the philosophical approach known as materialism. what is materialism?
What does Weber mean when he says modern societies are rational
Modern societies use deliberate, matter of fact calculations to determine the most efficient way of accomplishing a task.
Superego
Part of personality that represents the internalization of cultural norms and values according to Freud
general; particular
Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______.
validity
Refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure
Id, ego, and superego
Sigmund Freud argues that personality is biologically determined. what are 3 major components of personality according to Freud?
Organic solidarity
Social bonds based on specialization, interdependence, and differences
Ascribed Statuses
Social positions such as race, gender, and social class into which we are born
Status
Social positions we hold and include ascribed and achieved positions
Mechanical Solidarity
Social ties based on similarity in moral values and ideas according to Emile Durkheim
sociological perspective
Society shapes what we think and do.
To evaluate a theory using evidence,
Sociologists gather data or facts.
The survey method
The article on Skipping Class and Freshman Absenteeism uses which research method
Social Control
The attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors
Resocialization
The process of changing a person's personality by controlling their environment
manifest functions.
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern
Deviance
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Max Weber
The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be "value-free" in the conduct of their research
independent variable
The variable that causes the change in the dependent variable
structural-functional
This approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable.
operationalizating
This process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable
survey
This research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview
positivist orientation
This research orientation assumes there is an objective reality "out there somewhere" and it is the job of scientists and researchers to discover this objective reality.
Technology
This shapes society according to Gerhard Lenski
Ideas
This shapes society according to Weber
truth based on expertise
This type of truth is based on specialized training and professional knowledge. An example is the knowledge of doctors or lawyers.
latent functions
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern
calvinism
Weber argues that capitalism grew out of this religious movement:
an economic system in which industry is controlled by private owners
What is capitalism?
groups such as the Aryan Brotherhood whose cultural patterns oppose those of mainstream society
What is counterculture?
Knowledge, skills, and development of abilities to prepare for employment
What is the manifest function of a college education?
sociological imagination
When sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular groups of people
participant observation
William Foote Whyte's study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method?
Mores
Wrong doing,such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural _______
Folkways; Mores
_______are rules about everyday, casual living; ________are rules with great moral significance
Mores; Folkways
_______distinguish between right and wrong; __________distinguish between right and rude
Multiculturalism
a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions
capitalists and proletarians
according to Karl Marx, capitalism is a system of economic production composed of ______ and ______......
the school
among the primary agents of socialization we discussed in class, which agent of socialization is most important in terms of shaping our long term goals
folkways
an act of kindness, such as opening the door for and elderly man, illustrates conforming to...
Why does Marx see capitalism as a source of class conflict?
because the goals of capitalists are at odds with the goals of the proletarians
material culture
cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
invention, discovery, and diffusion
cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. what are they?
Primary focus of an expressive leadership
ensuring the group's well being
Which two theories we have studied in class are macro-level theories?
functionalism and conflict theories
social integration
how connected we are to others
high culture
if you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing...
empirical evidence
information we can verify with our senses
Medicalization of deviance
instead of seeing alcoholics as bad people, today people see them as affected by a disease for which they need help
Blue collar occupations
lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
In the scientific stage of development, Comte believed that social integration (connectedness) was based on:
mutual dependence, specialization, and coordination of functions by the state
The social-conflict approach draws attention to
patterns of social inequality.
experiment
research method used in Philip Zimbardo's study, the "Stanford County Prison"
total institutions
settings such as a mental hospital or prison in which patients or inmates are isolated from the rest of society and daily routines are controlled by an administrative staff are known as:
Thomas Theorem
situations defined as real are real in their consequences
How is social class measured?
social class is a combination of income, occupational prestige, and years of education completed
participant observation
sociological research method that provides the best chance to understand social behavior in a natural setting
Culture
the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people
Due Process
the central idea that underlies our criminal justice system
anticipatory socialization
the process of adopting similar interests, taste, language or the behaviors of members of a desired group in order to become a member of the desired group is known as:
What three societal level changes occurred in society which lead to the birth of sociology?
the shift from agriculture to industrialization; the growth of cities; political change
Hunting and Gathering Societies
the simplest and most egalitarian
dramaturgy
the social interaction in terms of theatrical performance according to Erving Goffman
social roles
the specific behaviors attached to a particular status are know as:
priests
the spiritual leaders in the theological stage of development according to Comte
sociology
the systematic study of human society; "a new way of looking at society"
Wealth
the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
Deductive logical thought
transforming specific observations into general theory.
Inductive logical thought
turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing.
Positivism
way of understanding the world based on science
anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture
what are symbols?
socialization
what do we call the process by which we develop human potential and learn culture?
study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
what is ethnomethodology
profits
what is the goal of capitalism?
reliability
whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results
People see the world through the cultural lens of their language
which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?
the economy
which social institution does Karl Marx see as most important?