Sociology 2

macro-level orientation

A broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole.

Intragenerational social mobility

A change in social positions that occurs during a person's lifetime

concept

A mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a somewhat simplified form. "The family" is an example.

measurement

A procedure used to determine the value of a variable in a specific case

key informant

A researcher doing participant observation may often "break in" to a setting more easily with the help of this person

theory

A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related

Social Stratification

A system by which categories of people within a society are ranked in a hierarchy

Why is a triad more stable than a dyad

A triad can survive if two members are struggling, since the other member can intervene and try to negotiate the conflict between the other two members

Laws of 3 Stages

According to Auguste Comte, society developed according specific periods of historical development. What did Comte call these periods of historical development?

to increase profits

According to Durkheim, why are modern societies characterized by job specialzation?

lower social integration.

According to Emile Durkheim, people with a higher suicide rate typically have

wealthy people

According to Emile Durkheim, were more likely than others to commit suicide?

Alienation

According to Marx is the isolation and misery that results from feeling powerless

the Hawthorne effect

Any change in a subject's behavior that is caused by the awareness of being studied

Characteristics of a bureaucracy

Communications are formal in writing

Popular Culture

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population and include such activities as going to the movies or attending a football game

material culture and idea culture

Culture is composed of ______ and _______.

I, Me

George H. Mead argues that the "self" is composed of the _____ and the _______

Verstehen

German word meaning "understanding" was used by Max Weber to describe his approach to sociological research

Weight gain

In the following hypothesis, identify the dependent variable: People who consume lots of junk food will experience an increase in weight.

Auguste Comte

Known as the "father of sociology"

Science

Logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation.

Social Institutions

Major spheres of social life organized to meet our basic needs

an approach that states how human beings produce material goods shapes their experiences

Marx's ideas about capitalism are grounded in the philosophical approach known as materialism. what is materialism?

What does Weber mean when he says modern societies are rational

Modern societies use deliberate, matter of fact calculations to determine the most efficient way of accomplishing a task.

Superego

Part of personality that represents the internalization of cultural norms and values according to Freud

general; particular

Peter Berger describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the ______ in the _______.

validity

Refers to measuring exactly what one intends to measure

Id, ego, and superego

Sigmund Freud argues that personality is biologically determined. what are 3 major components of personality according to Freud?

Organic solidarity

Social bonds based on specialization, interdependence, and differences

Ascribed Statuses

Social positions such as race, gender, and social class into which we are born

Status

Social positions we hold and include ascribed and achieved positions

Mechanical Solidarity

Social ties based on similarity in moral values and ideas according to Emile Durkheim

sociological perspective

Society shapes what we think and do.

To evaluate a theory using evidence,

Sociologists gather data or facts.

The survey method

The article on Skipping Class and Freshman Absenteeism uses which research method

Social Control

The attempt by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviors

Resocialization

The process of changing a person's personality by controlling their environment

manifest functions.

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern

Deviance

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Max Weber

The sociologist who called on his colleagues to be "value-free" in the conduct of their research

independent variable

The variable that causes the change in the dependent variable

structural-functional

This approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable.

operationalizating

This process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable

survey

This research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items in a questionnaire or an interview

positivist orientation

This research orientation assumes there is an objective reality "out there somewhere" and it is the job of scientists and researchers to discover this objective reality.

Technology

This shapes society according to Gerhard Lenski

Ideas

This shapes society according to Weber

truth based on expertise

This type of truth is based on specialized training and professional knowledge. An example is the knowledge of doctors or lawyers.

latent functions

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of a social pattern

calvinism

Weber argues that capitalism grew out of this religious movement:

an economic system in which industry is controlled by private owners

What is capitalism?

groups such as the Aryan Brotherhood whose cultural patterns oppose those of mainstream society

What is counterculture?

Knowledge, skills, and development of abilities to prepare for employment

What is the manifest function of a college education?

sociological imagination

When sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular groups of people

participant observation

William Foote Whyte's study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method?

Mores

Wrong doing,such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural _______

Folkways; Mores

_______are rules about everyday, casual living; ________are rules with great moral significance

Mores; Folkways

_______distinguish between right and wrong; __________distinguish between right and rude

Multiculturalism

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

capitalists and proletarians

according to Karl Marx, capitalism is a system of economic production composed of ______ and ______......

the school

among the primary agents of socialization we discussed in class, which agent of socialization is most important in terms of shaping our long term goals

folkways

an act of kindness, such as opening the door for and elderly man, illustrates conforming to...

Why does Marx see capitalism as a source of class conflict?

because the goals of capitalists are at odds with the goals of the proletarians

material culture

cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

invention, discovery, and diffusion

cultural change is set in motion in three general ways. what are they?

Primary focus of an expressive leadership

ensuring the group's well being

Which two theories we have studied in class are macro-level theories?

functionalism and conflict theories

social integration

how connected we are to others

high culture

if you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing...

empirical evidence

information we can verify with our senses

Medicalization of deviance

instead of seeing alcoholics as bad people, today people see them as affected by a disease for which they need help

Blue collar occupations

lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor

In the scientific stage of development, Comte believed that social integration (connectedness) was based on:

mutual dependence, specialization, and coordination of functions by the state

The social-conflict approach draws attention to

patterns of social inequality.

experiment

research method used in Philip Zimbardo's study, the "Stanford County Prison"

total institutions

settings such as a mental hospital or prison in which patients or inmates are isolated from the rest of society and daily routines are controlled by an administrative staff are known as:

Thomas Theorem

situations defined as real are real in their consequences

How is social class measured?

social class is a combination of income, occupational prestige, and years of education completed

participant observation

sociological research method that provides the best chance to understand social behavior in a natural setting

Culture

the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people

Due Process

the central idea that underlies our criminal justice system

anticipatory socialization

the process of adopting similar interests, taste, language or the behaviors of members of a desired group in order to become a member of the desired group is known as:

What three societal level changes occurred in society which lead to the birth of sociology?

the shift from agriculture to industrialization; the growth of cities; political change

Hunting and Gathering Societies

the simplest and most egalitarian

dramaturgy

the social interaction in terms of theatrical performance according to Erving Goffman

social roles

the specific behaviors attached to a particular status are know as:

priests

the spiritual leaders in the theological stage of development according to Comte

sociology

the systematic study of human society; "a new way of looking at society"

Wealth

the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts

Deductive logical thought

transforming specific observations into general theory.

Inductive logical thought

turning theories into hypotheses suitable for testing.

Positivism

way of understanding the world based on science

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

what are symbols?

socialization

what do we call the process by which we develop human potential and learn culture?

study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings

what is ethnomethodology

profits

what is the goal of capitalism?

reliability

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

People see the world through the cultural lens of their language

which of the following most closely conveys the point of the Sapir-Whorf thesis?

the economy

which social institution does Karl Marx see as most important?