Sociology

Kinship Categorization

-Composition -Marriage Patterns -Residence -Descent -Authority

the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification

-Functionalist Perspective -Conflict Perspective -Interactionist Perspective -Feminist Perspective

Marxists believe the mass media supports an unfair social system though the broadcasting of _____________.

Ideologies

Mass Media

Influential agent of socialization that involves no face-to-face interaction. Mass Media: Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it. Major forms of mass media are books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. Television probably has the most influence on the socialization of children. 98 percent of homes in the United States have television sets, with an average of more than two sets per home. Most children watch an average of about 28 hours each week. Children learn through watching television. Some of the things they learn are beneficial; others are not. about the world and the ways of society occupations, for example, getting an idea about what a nurse does, what a doctor does, and how the two relate to each other. institutions of the society—what goes on in court, for example. language to go with these roles and settings Children also learn about current themes and issues, both from newscasts and dramas kidnapping, the homeless, diseases Children learn more than facts from television; they also get a good daily dose of stereotypes and a lot of misleading information about their world. Most of all, they get a big helping of violence and another of commercial advertising.

When women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization, this is called

Occupational sex typing

_____________ can be defined as established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions.

institutional racism

Endogamy

is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group. -The group may be based on religion, territory, racial identity, and so forth. Endogamy reflects societies traditional distaste for relationships that cross identified social boundaries. In some societies, these are formalized or codified as laws. In the U.S., we practice informal rules of endogamy related to: Religion Race/Ethnicity Social Class Educational background Age

Weaknesses of official data include

it emphasizes street crime

Weaknesses of self-report data include

it relies on the memory of the offender

A system in which success is based on hard work and natural talent is known as a

meritocracy

___________________ is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse or partner.

monogamy

___________ is the practice of the new couple establishing their own residence.

neolocal residence

Calling all people from the continent of Asia "Asian" is an example of a

panethnic label

_______________ is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.

polyandry

______________ is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners.

polygamy

Polygamy usually involves _____________, one man having more than one wife.

polygyny

_______________ is subtle uneasiness, discomfort, or fear around other groups.

quiet racism

___________ is the privilege of "having no color" or of being the "default race".

racial transparency

What did we define as "The belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior"?

racism

Major data sources for investigating crime trends can be classified as

self-report, official, and victimization data

_______ refers to biological identity while _______ refers to learned behaviors associated with sex.

sex; gender

In 2012, 90% of U.S. media was controlled by

six media conglomerates

Families reproduce society biologically, but families also reproduce society ____________ through the socialization of children.

socially

Which definition of deviance states that anything that is too far from normal is deviant regardless of whether it is negative evaluated by society?

statistical definiton

Overgeneralized beliefs that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group are known as

stereotypes

The most frequently used type of victimization data is

the NCVS

The most important agents of socialization in the Unites States are:

the family, peer group, school, and mass media

Exogamy

the practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.

According to Marx, in every era, the most influential ideas are the ideas of ____________.

the ruling class

As children grow older and into adolescence, peer groups become increasingly influential agents of socialization.

true

Gender is not the same as biological sex.

true

In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage is traced through the family of the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.

true

Sociology treats race as a social construct.

true

When defining a behavior as deviant, the situation matters.

true

When defining a behavior as deviant, who you are matters.

true

The "hidden curriculum" or the "unwritten curriculum" are terms that represent the unwritten, unofficial, values and perspectives that students learn in school as a form of

unintended socialization

___________ is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group.

endogamy

Antonio Gramsci

-The ideological role of the media is to persuade us that it is in our best interest to accept the dominance of this elite. -Popular culture contributes to the manufacturing of consent for bourgeoisie power within capitalist societies. -Gramsci theorized how people are influenced into accepting the dominance of a power elite. -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Introduced and used the concept of HEGEMONY - (hedge iminy) Political or economic dominance -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in gender, sexuality and race.

intersectionality

-sexuality -disability -racial identity -nationality -gender

Major forms of Mass Media include:

A books and films B magazines and newspapers C radio and television D all of these answers are correct ANSWER: D

Marriage systems can be categorized by:

A. Number of Partners B. Property and decent C. All of these answers are correct D. Place of residence answer: C

Unintended Socialization *****

A. all of these answers are correct B. can communicate ideology C. can have greater effects on children than deliberate socialization D. includes the unwritten curriculum in school Answer: A

A major weakness of victimization data is that

A. all of these are correct B. it doesn't measure murder C.it relies on the memory of the victim D. the wording of the question can affect the answer answer: A

Gender Socialization affects:

A. social and political attitudes B. relationships with others D. all of these answers are correct E. perceptions about other people Answer: D

Schools engage in gender socialization through

A. treatment by teachers B. all of these answers are correct C. playground interactions D. educational tracking answer: B

Noam Chomsky

Argues that popular culture can be used to divert people's attention from real issues such as their conditions of employment. It is only the intellectual and educated classes in society, largely the professional classes, who must be persuaded to agree with the ideological values of the ruling elite. Argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes. This is done through 'manufacturing consent' - by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. Example of "manufacturing consent": In 1985, only 6% of Americans thought drug abuse was the nation's number one problem. In 1989, that number had grown to 64%. In 1990, before the first Gulf War, that number had fallen to less than 10%. What happened between 1984 and 1989 to cause such concern in U.S. citizens? What happened between 1989 and 1990 to cause such a lack of concern in U.S. citizens?

Peer groups Cohort Effects (Agents of socialization)

As children grow older, forces outside of the family increasingly influence them. Children begin to relate more and more to their peer groups. Peer Group: A primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics. Cohort Effects: Shared experiences by people based on their date of birth. Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early teenage years. Winning peer acceptance is a powerful force in the lives of young people. To win this acceptance, young people willingly adopt the values and standards of the peer group. Young people often shape themselves into the kind of person they think the group wants them to be.

The reading: Still a Man's world

Christine Williams Still a Man's World: Men Who Do "Women's Work" We tend to focus on women in male dominated occupations. This work focuses on men in female dominated occupations. What does Williams mean by "still a man's world"? What jobs does Williams focus on? Nurses, teachers, librarians, social workers What is the glass ceiling? an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities What is the glass escalator? Men in female-dominated careers rise higher and faster than women in their own fields. What mechanisms aid the glass escalator? Hiring decisions Tracking into administration - sometimes unwanted pressure

Composition (kinship category)

Composition of kinship systems refers mainly to the composition of families.

Conflict perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Conflict Perspective Conflict theory asserts that social problems occur when dominant groups mistreat subordinate ones, and thus advocates for a balance of power between genders. Men subordinate women in order to maintain power and privilege in society Frederich Engels compared the family structure to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat women had less power than men in the household because they were dependent on them for wages Men, like any other group with a power or wealth advantage in Conflict Theory, fought to maintain their control over resources (in this case, political and economic power). Conflict between the two groups caused things like the Women's Suffrage Movement and was responsible for social change.

According to our lecture, sex and gender are two words that describe the same thing.

false

Deliberate and unintended socialization

Deliberate socialization: Intended socialization activities. Ex., father teaching children about the importance of telling the truth. Unintended socialization: Can have an even greater effect on children than deliberate attempts at socialization. Ex., father lies sometimes when it is more convenient than telling the truth. Keeley: Socialization Kerry, Keeley's mom, is getting ready for work. She stands in front of the mirror and spends a long time putting on makeup. Keeley is sitting near her on the floor playing, but she mostly watches her mom's makeup routine. Then Kerry fixes her hair, pushing it over her ears a certain way and checking her reflection in the mirror frequently. "It's your turn," she says to Keeley and she begins to brush Keeley's hair. "I want a French braid," Keeley says to her mom in a demanding tone. "Is that the way you ask for things?" her mom asks. Keeley gets quiet and says, "Mom, would you fix my hair in a French braid, please?" Her mom smiles and responds lovingly, and immediately starts forming the braid. Excerpt from Early Childhood Education: Birth - 8: The World of Children, Families, and Educators, by A. Driscoll, N.G. Nagel, 2008 edition, p. 175-176. What is the deliberate socialization (teaching)? What is the unintended socialization?

Extended Family

Extended families are the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit. Extended families are common among the urban poor because they develop a cooperative system of social and economic support.

Feminist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Feminist Perspective Gender stratification occurs when gender differences give men greater privilege and power over women, transgender and gender-non-conforming people. Feminist theory uses the conflict approach to examine the reinforcement of gender roles and inequalities, highlighting the role of patriarchy in maintaining the oppression of women. Feminism focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on the assertion of male supremacy. Feminist Perspective Intersectionality suggests that various forms of oppression-- such as racism, classism, and sexism-- are interrelated to form a system of oppression in which various forms of discrimination intersect. Intersectionality suggests that various biological, social, and cultural categories-- including gender, race, class, and ethnicity-- interact and contribute towards systematic social inequality. Therefore, various forms of oppression do not act independently but are interrelated. Patricia Hill Collins - "Matrix of Domination", cumulative disadvantage, and oppression

Functionalist Perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Functionalist Perspective The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures that shape society as a whole. Gender roles exist to maximize social efficiency an efficient way to create a division of labor a social system in which a particular segment of the population is clearly responsible for certain acts of labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other labor acts.

Family (in terms of agents of socialization)

Have you ever heard this? "You are just like your mother." "You are just like your father." "You are just like your sister." "You are just like your brother. The most important agent of socialization in almost every society. A family serves to reproduce society biologically, through procreation, and socially, through the socialization of children. Children first interact with other humans and learn the values, norms, and beliefs of society through their families. Socialization in a family setting can be both deliberate and unintended. The socialization process differs from family to family. Families come in all shapes and sizes (family size, family make-up [single parent], race, ethnicity, religion, geographic region). All these differences affect the way a family socializes its children. How so?

Hidden curriculum

Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school. "formal" curriculum = the courses, lessons, and learning activities, as well as the knowledge and skills educators intentionally teach to students hidden curriculum = unspoken or implicit academic, social, and cultural messages that are communicated to students while they are in school School children learn: -What is important -What is expected -Gender norms -Morals -Definitions of social class -Stereotypes -Politics -Coded language Messages are conveyed to students through the following mechanisms: Cultural expectations Cultural values Cultural perspectives Curricular topics Teaching strategies School structures Institutional rules School Cultural Expectations: The academic, social, and behavioral expectations established by schools and educators Some schools have a culture that places importance on standardized testing or going to college. Other schools focus on getting by with little effort. Some schools have a culture that fosters cliques. For example: One teacher may give tough assignments and expect all students to do well on those assignments, while another teacher may give comparatively easy assignments and habitually award all students passing grades even when their work quality is low. Schools may unconsciously hold students from different cultural backgrounds to lower academic expectations, which may have unintended or negative effects on their academic achievement, educational aspirations, or feelings of self-worth. School Cultural Values: The values promoted by schools, educators, and peer groups Some schools promote equality, others do not. Some teachers try to sway the ideology of their students. School Cultural Perspectives: How schools recognize, integrate, or honor diversity and multicultural perspectives may convey both intentional and unintended messages. Some schools may expect recently arrived immigrant students and their families to "assimilate" into American culture by requiring the students to speak English in school at all times or by not providing translated informational materials or other specialized assistance. For example: In one school, non-American cultures may be entirely ignored, while in another they may be actively celebrated, with students and their families experiencing feelings of either isolation or inclusion as a result. Curricular Topics: The subjects that teachers choose for courses and lessons may convey different ideological, cultural, or ethical messages. Curricular topics may also often intersect with, or be influenced by, political, ideological, and moral differences that are broadly contentious in American society—e.g., teaching evolution in science courses, multiculturalism in social studies, or sex education in health courses. For example: The history of the United States may be taught in a wide variety of ways using different historical examples, themes, and perspectives. A teacher may choose to present the history of the world or the United States from the perspective of the European settlers and explorers, or the teacher may choose to present it from the perspective of displaced Native Americans or colonized African and Asian peoples. Teaching Strategies: the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students Project-based learning or community-based learning communicates specific messages Skills such as critical thinking and problem solving, and attributes such as persistence, resourcefulness, and self-motivation, are valued and important. the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students On the other hand: If students earn good grades or extra credit for turning in homework on time listening attentively participating during class raising their hands the students may learn that compliance is as important as academic performance. School Structures: the way that a school or academic program is organized and operated The structure of a school program can also mirror or reinforce cultural biases or prejudices. For example, students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. example: Students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. Institutional Rules: The formal rules in a school may communicate a wide variety of intentional and unintentional messages to students. While the intent of formal school rules and policies is to tell students how they are expected to behave, the degree to which they are enforced or unenforced, or the ways in which they are enforced, may communicate messages that undermine or contradict their stated intent. For Example: Some schools require students to wear school uniforms, some ban certain types of attire, and others have very liberal or permissive clothing policies. What kind of strange dress/appearance regulations where present at your school? The hidden curriculum is a powerful force of socialization. Since the hidden curriculum is "hidden" Difficult to reform Might be linked to institutional prejudices so that new rules produced are equally inequitable Its effects are hard to measure or "prove".

Interactionist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)

Interactionist Perspective Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. Gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols Gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. According to Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self," an individual's understanding of their gender role is based on how society perceives them. Thus, if society views a man as powerful, he will also perceive himself to be powerful. "Doing gender" is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.

Chomsky argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. He calls this

Manufactured consent

Marriage and Family

Marriage and Family are major institutions in any society. What is marriage?/What is family? These two institutions are closely related and are major parts of what Anthropologists call "kinship systems". Marriage is a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union. In practicing cultural relativism, we should also consider variations Whether a legal union is required (think of "common law" marriage and its equivalents) Whether more than two people can be involved (consider polygamy). Whether spouses are of opposite sexes or the same sex Whether it is an expectation of marriage to produce/raise children

Marriage Patterns

Marriage systems can be categorized by: Number of Partners Who marries whom? Property and decent Place of residence Who has power?

Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it is known as

Mass Media

Gender Segregation

Men and women work in gender segregated occupations. Women - clerical workers, sales clerks, maids, hairdressers, child-care workers What are some examples of male occupations? Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields. Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employed. Contemporary attitudes about gender and work: 16% of women and 20% of men disapprove of women working while they have young children 1/2 of all women and men surveyed said the ideal lifestyle was a marriage in which responsibilities were shared. 47% of men believe it is best for men to hold the provider role, compared with 69% in 1970. 87% of women say that making laws to establish equal pay should be a legislative priority.

According to the Marxist perspective on Mass Media, the mass media preaches that the U.S. is a ___________ when this is not true.

Meritocracy

Meritocracy

Meritocracy A political philosophy which holds that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively according to merit. Advancement in such a system is based on performance measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented. In other words, success based on hard work and natural talent.

Monogamy

Monogamy is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse. Monogamy is a norm that requires the marriage and partnership of two partners for their lifetime. Most Western societies advocate this kind of marriage. 70% of societies in the world DO NOT adhere to this form of marriage exclusivity.

Matrilineal kinship systems are those in which ancestry is traced through the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.

false

When defining a behavior as deviant, social context does not matter.

false

Agents of Gender Socialization

Parents Childhood play and games Schools Religion Media Popular Culture

Polyandry

Polyandry is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.

Polygamy

Polygamy is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners. Polygamy usually involves polygyny, one man having more than one wife.

contemporary Definition of Family

Primary group of people—usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption—who form a cooperative economic unit and care for any young who consider their identity to be attached to the group; and are committed to maintaining the group.

The most important agent of socialization in almost every society is the

family

School socialization

School occupies large amounts of time and attention. Between the ages of 5 and 18, young people spend some 30 weeks a year in school. Often 35+ hours per week. The school plays a major role in socializing individuals. Much of this socialization seems to be deliberate. intended socialization in school- Class activities are planned for the deliberate purpose of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and other skills. Extracurricular activities such as school dances, clubs, and athletic events, are intended to prepare the student for life in the larger society. Schools also attempt to transmit cultural values, such as patriotism, responsibility, and good citizenship. A large amount of unintentional socialization also occurs within the school. Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.

__________ is classification based on perceived sex.

Sex category

Prejudice and discrimination against women that can operate both individually and institutionally is known as

Sexism

Traditional definition of family

Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships, engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual relations, and reproduction and child rearing.

Composition of kinship systems is virtually the same thing as

family composition

Edward L. Bernays

The Father of Public Relations Unlike Gramsci, did not think media influencing public opinion was a bad thing. Society is irrational and dangerous because of "herd instinct" . Manipulation is necessary. 1923 - Crystallizing Public Opinion 1928 - Propaganda Later renamed Public Relations Drew on the studies of his uncle, Sigmund Freud Worked closely with General Motors, Time, Proctor & Gamble, CBS, and NBC

Marx- Mass Media

The Marxist Perspective Media control Refresher: Marxism is the notion that capitalism is unfair, exploitative, etc. Workers lack access to the means of production and must sell their labor to capitalists. The workers add surplus value to products and receive an unfair wage. Marxists believe the mass media supports this system though broadcasting of ideologies; and does little to introduce alternative ideas. "In every epoch, the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class." (Marx, 1846) Mass media is a means for the ruling class to maintain their dominance. Media ensures the populace absorbs and accepts capitalist ideology. Supports ideas of working hard for a wage and consuming capitalist products. Preaches meritocracy The ROLE of the media is to shape how people think about the world. Rarely are people told about why some people live in luxury and others in poverty. Alternative viewpoints are rarely heard; and often presented as troublemaking or anti-nationalistic. The owners of mass media have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. Government controls the media less now than in earlier eras. Instead, media conglomerates are granted freedom in exchange for supporting the government. Gramsci was an Italian Marxist

Gender Socialization (labeling)

The Process of Gender Socialization: Infancy (even before a baby's birth): colors decorations comments body language & treatment birth announcements, etc -School- Playground: Who plays with whom? What kinds of games are they encouraged to participate in? Boys taught to play sports and run around? Girls taught to play with other girls? Treatment by Teachers: okay for boys to interrupt, be more aggressive, to voice strong opinions "boys will be boys" How often do you hear: "girls will be girls"? Educational Tracking (labeling): research shows that people are often "tracked" into certain classes or types of classes based on teachers' or counselors' perceptions of them boys: Math and Science girls: Reading and English -Occupation- the higher the prestige ranking of an occupation, the fewer the women in it, and the lower the percentage of women of color occupational sex typing (def): when women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization males: leadership--> $ ex) bosses, presidents, doctors females: nurturing --> $ ex) nurses, teachers, secretaries

Peer vs. Family (in agents of socialization)

The norms and values imparted by the family usually focus on the larger culture. Family- Parents often become alarmed if they come to believe that the norms and values of the peer group are more important to their children than those of society as a whole. In peer groups, the focus is the subculture of the group. Peer-group goals are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society.

Nuclear Family

The nuclear family is comprised of one married couple residing together with their children.

Socially constructed expectations for men and women are

gender roles

Agents of Socialization

The views of Cooley and Mead provide theoretical explanations of the socialization process. Sociologists use the term agents of socialization to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place. Sometimes "enable" is too soft of a word. In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media.

Pay Gap in genders

There are several explanations Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination Pay gap influenced by Human capital Dual labor market theory Gender segregation by occupation -Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination White men perpetuate their advantage over women and racial minorities, through labor union practices, legislation, harassment, and intimidation. -Pay gap influenced by Human capital System is equal Age, experience, education, marital status and hours worked influence worth in the labor market. What happens when we compare men and women with similar age, experience, education, marital status, and hours worked? -Dual labor market theory Women and men earn different amounts because they work in different segments of the market. Primary market Men Example - management in major corporation Secondary market Women/minorities Example - waiting tables, fast food cook

Socialization processes differ from family to family.

True

Some latent functions of the mass media include teaching children about occupations and other social roles.

True

The most frequently used official data is the

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

The process through which gender roles are learned is known as

gender socialization

Hegemony

We all live in societies where there are power structures. According to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, these systems of power cannot be maintained by force alone. People have to do things, willingly and happily, in their everyday lives that keep the powerful people on top. -Every day behaviors that keep governments in power... ---People hanging flags from their homes --- People rising and removing their hats when the national anthem is sung ---People celebrating a country's independence day with parades and picnics ---People obeying nonsensical laws. People wearing designer clothing People shopping at chains instead of local stores Schools serving fast food in cafeterias Women displaying huge diamond engagement rings People celebrating days that have been manufactured by Hallmark, like Grandparent's Day Black Friday shopping

Consequences of Gender expectations

Women are denied access to power, influence, achievement, and independence in the public world. Men are denied access to nurturing, emotional, and other-oriented worlds that women traditionally inhabit tokenism (def): granting a few women high-level positions to indicate that the system operates fairly and without respect to sexual status ex) woman who is a sports-broadcaster on ESPN sexism (def): prejudice and discrimination against women structured inequality between men and women that is supported by norms and beliefs based on the belief that women are somehow inferior to men operates both individually, and institutionally (just like racism)

98% of the homes in the United States have _________________.

a television

Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place are:

agents of socialization

In class, we talked about the brown bag test as a form of _____________

colorism

While race tends to refer to physical characteristics, ethnicity refers to ________.

cultural heritage

Family socialization tends to be focused on teaching ******

cultural values and norms

Socialization can be both _____________ and/or ________________.

deliberate; unintended

When prejudices become unfair treatment it is now

discrimination