Sociology

material culture

A computer and polo shirts are both examples of:

subculture

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a:

negative sanctions

A monetary fine, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of:

impersonality

A nightclub has several types of employees, each with a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check ID, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. A shift supervisor is in charge, and a manager is in charge of the shift supervisor. At work the employees check the bulletin board, where their boss posts memos explaining changes in the rules. The bouncers are the most popular employees, because they usually let they friends in for free, even if their friends don't have ID. In many ways, the club is a bureaucracy, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?

traditional authority

According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king?

they have developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

According to Robin Lender in Fast Food, Fast Talk, how do fast- food restaurants rationalize the process of providing food to customers?

hostility toward an out-group

All over Los Angeles, you can see cards sporting bumper stickers that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever's playing USC." What is this an example of?

a part of our culture and as such are learned rather than innate

Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are innate, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than we are. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are:

it is a legal-rational authority

Around the third week of a college class, a professor decides she's has enough, is tired of dealing with bureaucracies, and wants out. So one day, instead of coming to class, she flies to Tahiti and sells souvenirs on the beach. If this happened, the college would simply assign a substitute to finish the course. What does this tell you about the nature of the authority wielded by a professor?

peers

As children get older, which agent of socialization tends to replace parents as their most intense and immediate influence?

an informal norm has been a law

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, some people placed signs with crudely painted skeletons holding cells phones near roadways, usually facing freeway ramps. These signs indicated disapproval of using cell phones while driving, a practice some states have now made illegal. As a result of these laws:

cultural imperialism

Because of their economic strength, Western media companies are powerful enough to impose their products on markets worldwide. This phenomenon is known as:

mainstream culture once approving of behaviors that are now considered deviant

Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patent medicine, designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned but widely demonized. This is an example of:

cultural diffusion

During the American occupation of Japan after World War II, the Japanese observed soldiers playing baseball and later adopted it as one of their favorite pastimes. This is an example of:

reference groups

Groups that we use as standards to evaluate ourselves- either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of qualities we wish to avoid- are called:

the experience of an individual's personal identity, distinct from other people

How do sociologist define the self?

they have made us no more or less detached from one another than we were before social media existed

How have social networking websites affected people's relationships with one another?

we learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally

How is culture transmitted and internalized?

these ideas came from fellow students and teachers expressing admiration

If college student plans to go to graduate school because she thinks of herself as having excellent critical thinking skills and a brilliant mind, where would Charles Cooley's theory of the looking-glass self suggest that she got these ideas?

the social ties don't just connect us to others but also influence our behavior

In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government caseworkers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the villages and had a few connections to their neighbors. What does this example demonstrate?

ideal culture

In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama took 53 percent of the vote, while John McCain took 46 percent. However, in the early months of 2009, when Obama's approval ratings were still very high, post-election polls found that a significantly larger number of people claimed to have voted for him. Historians report that the percentage of people who remember voting for any president rises and falls with president's approval ratings. More people seemed to believe that they "should" have voted for Obama. This belief is an example of:

instrumental leaders

Leaders whose personal style makes them more task oriented or goal oriented and less concerned with people's feeling are called:

primary groups

Many sociologists have worried that the modern economy demands both geographic and occupational mobility, which in turn means that industrial and bureaucratic organizations have become the norm. What sort of groups might become less common if people have to move many times in their lives for work?

a group

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

She is a "consequential stranger" and bridges the gap between his primary and secondary groups

One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name and usually notices his mood. Once when he was upset about something at school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with José?

groupthink

Penn State leaders quashed child sexual abuse rumors, dissent, and complaints about assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky in order to uphold the reputation of the university's award-winning football program. This action to preserve public image over protecting the safety of young children was a result of:

The growth of online support groups to help people who have rare disease share information and emotional support

Robert Putnam's research can be exemplified by this description of a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns about anomic are overblown?

when people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them

Social network can influence people through contagion. What does that mean?

Americans are less likely to identify themselves as group members today than in the past

Sociologists are interested in how social groups have changed over time. Of particular note is the degree to which individuals base their identities on group membership. How has this changed in recent American history?

resocialization

Someone who has gotten a divorce after a long marriage and now wants to start dating again may find that many of the norms of dating have changed. Behaviors like splitting the check or talking about safe sex may be new for this person. This process of having to learn and adjust to the new rules of dating is an example of:

language can structure our perception of reality

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that:

groups have great power to induce conformity

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that:

it was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups

The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "I am." Why is this discussed in a chapter about social groups?

cultural relativism

The ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values, without reference to any other culture'a standards, is called:

how we develop a self-concept based on our perceptions of others judgments of us

The concept of the looking-glass self explains:

the complex interaction between hereditary traits and social learning

The nature vs. nurture debate helps us understand:

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward her group is called:

moral holiday

The slogan "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of:

ethnocentrism

The tendency to use your own group's way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others is called:

a lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture

The term "socialization" refers to:

it demonstrates how the power of conformity can still lead to real-life crimes of obedience, like Abu Ghraib and the telephone hoax at fast- food restaurants

Unlike Asch's experiment, which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that:

punctuality, neatness, and discipline

What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?

television affected young women's body image

What did Harvard Medical School researchers conclude about the effects of the media on young people in Fiji, who until recently lacked widespread access to television?

language

What do sociologist claim is the most significant component of culture?

cultural leveling

What do sociologists call it when culture that were once distinct become increasingly similar?

group dynamics

What do sociologists call patterns of interactions between groups and individuals?

social networks

What do sociologists call the verbs of direct and indirect ties that individuals to others who may influence them?

the most efficient teams are made up of members who have a strong shared social identity

What does social identity theory suggest about teamwork?

Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

What is the definition of culture?

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

McDonaldization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sale of consensus, they are engaging in:

hegemony

When the dominant culture succeeds in imposing its values and ideas on all society, this is known as:

your parents

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?

they depend on emotional intimacy for their existence

Which of the following is a characteristic of a primary group?

anti-abortion advocates demonstrating in front of a family planning clinic

Which of the following is an example of a culture war?

a prison

Which of the following is an example of a total institution?

it enables people to communicate

Which of the following is one of the functions of symbolic culture?

they are typically nonverbal, but they are observable in various ways

Which of the following is true of expressions given off, as defined by Erving Goffman?

taboos, mores, folkways

Which of the following sequences lists norms in the correct order, from the most severely enforced to the least?

people who work in bureaucracies may feel alienation as a result of being treated in terms of roles, rules, and functions, rather than as individuals.

Which of the following statements about bureaucracies is true?

survivalists living in Montana

Which of the following terms is most likely to be classified as a counterculture?

a high school chess club

Which of the following would be considered a group in the sociologist sense?

multiculturalism

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, religious

there will always be new situations and new roles to learn

Why are adults unable to completely socialized?

time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity?

the family is where we begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences

Why does the the family have such powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of his social network?