sociology

Material culture

Material culture is the physical evidence of a culture in the objects and architecture they make, or have made.

Secondary Socialization

Secondary socialization refers to the process of learning what is the appropriate behavior as a member of a smaller group within the larger society.

Culture

the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively.

Mores

the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community.

Founders of Sociology

• Max Weber • Karl Marx • Emile Durkheim

Norms

A norm is a group-held belief about how members should behave in a given context.

Values

A personal value is absolute or relative and ethical value, the assumption of which can be the basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based.

Role model

A role model is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be emulated by others, especially by younger people.

Total Institutions

A total institution is a place of work and residence where a great number of similarly situated people, cut off from the wider community for a considerable time, together lead an enclosed, formally administered round of life

Agents of socialization

An agent of socialization is an individual or institution tasked with the replication of the Social Order. An agent of socialization is responsible for transferring the rules, expectations, norms, values, and folkways of a given social order. In advanced capitalist society, the principle agents of socialization include the family, the media, the school system (K12 and post secondary), religious and spiritual institutions, and peer groups

Causation

Causation is a belief that events occur in predictable ways and that one event leads to another.[1] If the relationship between the variables is non-spurious (there is not a third variable causing the effect), the temporal order is in line (cause before effect), and the study is longitudinal, it may be deduced that it is a causal relationship.

Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes."[1] However, Boas did not coin the term.

Foundations of Sociology

Each field of academic study has its own cast of characters, and sociology is no exception. Although countless individuals have contributed to sociology's development into a social science, several individuals deserve special mention.

George H. Mead/Mead's Theory

George Herbert Mead is also well-known for his concept of the "I" and the "me." According to Mead, the self has two sides. The "me" represents the expectations and attitudes of others (the generalized other). It is the organized set of attitudes of others that the individual assumes. The "I" is the response to the "me," or the person's individuality. According to Mead, the generalized other (internalized in the "me") is the major instrument of social control for it is the mechanism by which the community exercises control over the conduct of its individual members.

Qualitative methodology

In quantitative studies, the research methods are set before observation begins and specify the methods of observation which may be used and the type of data which may be collected.

Rationalization

In sociology, rationalization refers to the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behavior in society with rational, calculated ones.

Interpretive sociology

Interpretative Sociology (verstehende Soziologie) is the study of society that concentrates on the meanings people associate to their social world.[4] Interpretative society strives to show that reality is constructed by people themselves in their daily lives.

Primary Socialization

Primary socialisation (or primary socialization) in sociology is the acceptance and learning of a set of norms and values established through the process of socialization. Typically this is initiated by the family.

Positivism

Positivism is a philosophy of science based on the view that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge,[1] and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in scientific knowledge.[2

Research ethics

Research ethics involves the application of fundamental ethical principles to a variety of topics involving research, including scientific research.... humans and shit

Resocialization

Resocialization is defined as radically changing a person's personality by carefully controlling the environment.

Socialization

Socialization refers to the preparation of newcomers to become members of an existing group and to think, feel, and act in ways the group considers appropriate.

Paradigm

a typical example or pattern of something

Activity Theory

The goal of Activity Theory is understanding the mental capabilities of a single individual.

Looking Glass Self

The looking-glass self[1] is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Sociological viewpoint

The sociological perspective is a perspective on human behavior and its connection to society as a whole. It invites us to look for the connections between the behavior of individual people and the structures of the society in which they live.

Disengagement Theory

The theory claims that it is natural and acceptable for older adults to withdraw from society.

Theory

Theory is a group of ideas meant to explain a certain topic of science, such as a single or collection of fact(s), event(s), or phenomen(a)(on)

Nonmaterial culture

Thoughts or ideas that make a culture is called a non-material culture.[1] In contrast to material culture, non-material culture does not include any physical objects or artifacts. Examples of non-material culture include any ideas, beliefs, values, norms that may help shape our society

Taboos

a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.

Symbolic Interactionism

also known as symbolic interactionism, directs sociologists to consider the symbols and details of everyday life, what these symbols mean, and how people interact with each other. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George H. Mead (1863-1931) introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s.

Moral Socialization

being socialized morally

Symbolic Interaction

is a major framework of sociological theory. This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction. Although symbolic interactionism traces its origins to Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world, the American philosopher George Herbert Mead introduced this perspective to American sociology in the 1920s.

Folkways

n sociology, are norms for routine or casual interaction

Correlation

n statistics, dependence is any statistical relationship between two random variables or two sets of data. Correlation refers to any of a broad class of statistical relationships involving dependence.

Sociological Research

read lecture two

Sampling

sampling is concerned with the selection of a subset of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

H. Cooley

was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association. He is perhaps best known for his concept of the looking glass self, which is the concept that a person's self grows out of society's interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others.

Conflict Theory

which originated primarily out of Karl Marx's writings on class struggles, presents society in a different light than do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives. While these latter perspectives focus on the positive aspects of society that contribute to its stability, the conflict perspective focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever‐changing nature of society.

Functionalist Theory

• Manifest • Latent • Dysfunctions