Sociology All info
Kinship
A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
Peer Group
A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
Wild boy of Aveyron
Boy who was found emerging from the woods, no parent ever claimed him- he had no mental impairment but didn't seem to fit into society, didn't accept clothing, etc; e.g. of "unsocialized" children
Ageism
Discrimination based on age
Mass Media
Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
Family
Group of genera that share many characteristics
Post-conventional morality
Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws. And restrictions
Monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time
Harlow experiment
Monkeys preferred the comfort of fake mother with blanket over the mother with food, showing that stranger anxiety and attachment to mothers is not related to nourishment
Polyandry
One female, several males.
Polygyny
One male, several females.
Social forces
Powerful invisible forces which influence what we think and how they live
Economic revolution
Shift from farming to industry/resulting in middle class
Using the sociological perspective, why do most people marry someone of similar race, social-class background, level of education, and degree of physical attractiveness?
Society guides our actions, thoughts, and feelings, generally narrowing our marital choices to people within our race, social class, education level, and degree of attractiveness.
Families of orientation
The families into which individuals are born. Also referred to as families of origin.
What general conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach in his study of suicide?
The risk of suicide is shaped by societal factors and social forces.
What might a sociologist say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry?
This shows that the social world guides human behavior.
The life span according to Erikson
Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Industry vs Inferiority Initiative vs Guilt Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generatively v Stagnation Ego Integrity vs Despair
Which of the following statements about using a global perspective is correct?
What happens in the rest of the world affects us here in the United States.
Micro-level sociology
a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
Gerontocracy
a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige
Society
a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture
Marriage
a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
Sociological perspective
a point of view identifying patterns and how they affect groups of people
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Paradigm
a set of assumptions which guides thinking and research; a model or framework for understanding society
Theory
a statement of how and why facts are related
Looking Glass Self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
Goffman
actors playing parts/dramaturgical approach
Mead
an alcoholic liquor made by fermenting honey and water
Personality
an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Scientific stage of sociology
began with the work of early scientists such as Copernicus/scientific method
Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:
challenging commonly held beliefs.
Feral child
children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans
Which of the following is an example of a latent function of social structure?
college's function as a "marriage broker," bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds
Marx
competition over scarce resources such as wealth or power
Social dysfunction
consequences of a social pattern which causes disruption in the operation of society
Five Stages of Death and dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
Comte
father of sociology/emphasis on scientific approach
Pre-conventional morality
first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior
Durkheim
focused on the importance of social integration and suicide rates
Polygamy
having more than one spouse at a time
Freud
id, ego, superego
Egocentrism
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Manifest function
intended and recognized consequence of a social pattern for the operation of society
Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called:
latent functions.
Cooley
looking glass self
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:
manifest functions.
Countries at which level of economic development have a world-average standard of living?
middle-income countries
Scientific revolution
new discoveries that challenge traditional thought
Political revolution
new ideas/philosophy/emphases on individuals rights
The social-conflict approach draws attention to:
patterns of social inequality
Families of affinity
people with or without legal or blood ties or children who feel they belong together and define themselves as a family
Social structure
relatively stable patterns of social behavior
Conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior
Which theoretical approach in sociology would most likely lead to an analysis of sports that shows that the games people play reflect their social standing?
social conflict
Bohdan researches the harmful effects of globalization of the economy for workers in the United States. He is interested in the __________ of globalization; that is, the pattern that disrupts the operation of society.
social dysfunction
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What is the term for these negative consequences?
social dysfunctions
Agents of socialization
social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values
Functions of family
socialization, regulation of sexual activity, social placement, material and emotional security
Structural Functional paradigm
society is a network of connected parts which all function together to create stability and order
Spencer
society is a system of parts and evolved over time
Social conflict paradigm
society is an arena of social inequality that generates conflict and change
Symbolic interaction paradigm
society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
In the metaphor for the game of life used in your text, __________ deal(s) the cards and __________ play(s) the hands.
society; people
Sociology is based on a special point of view called the __________, which can be described as seeing general patterns in the lives of particular people.
sociological perspective
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?
sociology
A sociologist following the __________ theoretical approach would be likely to ask the following questions: What are the major parts of society? How are these parts linked? What does each part do to help society work?
structural functionalist
The chief characteristic of the ________ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable.
structural-functional
Following which theoretical approach would we understand sports not as a societal system but as an ongoing process of face-to-face interaction?
symbolic-interaction
Which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?
symbolic-interaction approach
Sociological Imagination
the ability to how our individual live are shaped by the society in which we live
Social function
the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society
Social integration
the degree to which an individual is intimately and active in his/her culture
Families of procreation
the families individuals initiate through marriage, cohabitation, or by having children
Which of the following historical changes is NOT one of the factors that stimulated the development of the discipline of sociology?
the founding of the Roman Catholic church
Hidden curriculum
the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school
ego
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Gender socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
Nature v Nurture
the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Which of the following lists of historical events and trends correctly identifies three factors that led to the initial development of the discipline of sociology in Europe and the United States?
the new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
Primary socialization
the process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born
Socialization
the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society
Education
the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Adam Smith, we see a shift in the understanding of human behavior from a focus on moral obligation to God and king to what Auguste Comte called the metaphysical stage of development with a focus on __________.
the pursuit of self-interest
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:
the reality people construct as they interact with one another.
Cultural capital
the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
Sociology
the systematic study of human society
Anticipatory socialization
the voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors
Piaget
theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.
Kohlberg
theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.
Erikson
theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan.
Social inequality
unequal access to resources/competing social classes
Forbidden Experiment
unethical experiment, for language it is isolating a normal child from birth
Latent function
unintended and unrecognized consequence of a social pattern for the operation of society