Sociology All info

Kinship

A social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption

Peer Group

A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common

Wild boy of Aveyron

Boy who was found emerging from the woods, no parent ever claimed him- he had no mental impairment but didn't seem to fit into society, didn't accept clothing, etc; e.g. of "unsocialized" children

Ageism

Discrimination based on age

Mass Media

Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

Family

Group of genera that share many characteristics

Post-conventional morality

Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws. And restrictions

Monogamy

Marriage to only one person at a time

Harlow experiment

Monkeys preferred the comfort of fake mother with blanket over the mother with food, showing that stranger anxiety and attachment to mothers is not related to nourishment

Polyandry

One female, several males.

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Social forces

Powerful invisible forces which influence what we think and how they live

Economic revolution

Shift from farming to industry/resulting in middle class

Using the sociological perspective, why do most people marry someone of similar race, social-class background, level of education, and degree of physical attractiveness?

Society guides our actions, thoughts, and feelings, generally narrowing our marital choices to people within our race, social class, education level, and degree of attractiveness.

Families of orientation

The families into which individuals are born. Also referred to as families of origin.

What general conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach in his study of suicide?

The risk of suicide is shaped by societal factors and social forces.

What might a sociologist say about why an individual chooses a particular person to marry?

This shows that the social world guides human behavior.

The life span according to Erikson

Trust vs Mistrust Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt Industry vs Inferiority Initiative vs Guilt Identity vs Role Confusion Intimacy vs Isolation Generatively v Stagnation Ego Integrity vs Despair

Which of the following statements about using a global perspective is correct?

What happens in the rest of the world affects us here in the United States.

Micro-level sociology

a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations

Gerontocracy

a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige

Society

a group that shares a geographic region, a sense of identity, and a culture

Marriage

a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing

Sociological perspective

a point of view identifying patterns and how they affect groups of people

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Paradigm

a set of assumptions which guides thinking and research; a model or framework for understanding society

Theory

a statement of how and why facts are related

Looking Glass Self

a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us

Goffman

actors playing parts/dramaturgical approach

Mead

an alcoholic liquor made by fermenting honey and water

Personality

an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling

Scientific stage of sociology

began with the work of early scientists such as Copernicus/scientific method

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages:

challenging commonly held beliefs.

Feral child

children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans

Which of the following is an example of a latent function of social structure?

college's function as a "marriage broker," bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds

Marx

competition over scarce resources such as wealth or power

Social dysfunction

consequences of a social pattern which causes disruption in the operation of society

Five Stages of Death and dying

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Comte

father of sociology/emphasis on scientific approach

Pre-conventional morality

first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior

Durkheim

focused on the importance of social integration and suicide rates

Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

Freud

id, ego, superego

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Manifest function

intended and recognized consequence of a social pattern for the operation of society

Unrecognized and unintended consequences of the social structure are called:

latent functions.

Cooley

looking glass self

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as:

manifest functions.

Countries at which level of economic development have a world-average standard of living?

middle-income countries

Scientific revolution

new discoveries that challenge traditional thought

Political revolution

new ideas/philosophy/emphases on individuals rights

The social-conflict approach draws attention to:

patterns of social inequality

Families of affinity

people with or without legal or blood ties or children who feel they belong together and define themselves as a family

Social structure

relatively stable patterns of social behavior

Conventional morality

second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior

Which theoretical approach in sociology would most likely lead to an analysis of sports that shows that the games people play reflect their social standing?

social conflict

Bohdan researches the harmful effects of globalization of the economy for workers in the United States. He is interested in the __________ of globalization; that is, the pattern that disrupts the operation of society.

social dysfunction

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society. What is the term for these negative consequences?

social dysfunctions

Agents of socialization

social institutions, including families and schools, that help to shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values

Functions of family

socialization, regulation of sexual activity, social placement, material and emotional security

Structural Functional paradigm

society is a network of connected parts which all function together to create stability and order

Spencer

society is a system of parts and evolved over time

Social conflict paradigm

society is an arena of social inequality that generates conflict and change

Symbolic interaction paradigm

society is the product of the everyday interactions of individuals

In the metaphor for the game of life used in your text, __________ deal(s) the cards and __________ play(s) the hands.

society; people

Sociology is based on a special point of view called the __________, which can be described as seeing general patterns in the lives of particular people.

sociological perspective

Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?

sociology

A sociologist following the __________ theoretical approach would be likely to ask the following questions: What are the major parts of society? How are these parts linked? What does each part do to help society work?

structural functionalist

The chief characteristic of the ________ approach is its view of society as orderly and stable.

structural-functional

Following which theoretical approach would we understand sports not as a societal system but as an ongoing process of face-to-face interaction?

symbolic-interaction

Which theoretical approach highlights the fact that it is not so much what people do that matters as much as what meaning they attach to their behavior?

symbolic-interaction approach

Sociological Imagination

the ability to how our individual live are shaped by the society in which we live

Social function

the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society

Social integration

the degree to which an individual is intimately and active in his/her culture

Families of procreation

the families individuals initiate through marriage, cohabitation, or by having children

Which of the following historical changes is NOT one of the factors that stimulated the development of the discipline of sociology?

the founding of the Roman Catholic church

Hidden curriculum

the informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Gender socialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

Nature v Nurture

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Which of the following lists of historical events and trends correctly identifies three factors that led to the initial development of the discipline of sociology in Europe and the United States?

the new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change

Superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Primary socialization

the process by which children learn the cultural norms of the society into which they are born

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

Education

the process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed

In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Adam Smith, we see a shift in the understanding of human behavior from a focus on moral obligation to God and king to what Auguste Comte called the metaphysical stage of development with a focus on __________.

the pursuit of self-interest

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is:

the reality people construct as they interact with one another.

Cultural capital

the symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

Sociology

the systematic study of human society

Anticipatory socialization

the voluntary process of preparing to accept new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors

Piaget

theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development.

Kohlberg

theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development.

Erikson

theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan.

Social inequality

unequal access to resources/competing social classes

Forbidden Experiment

unethical experiment, for language it is isolating a normal child from birth

Latent function

unintended and unrecognized consequence of a social pattern for the operation of society