Sociology Ch. 4 Questions
46. How do psychoanalytic theory and social learning theory differ from each other? a. Psychoanalytic theory is more focused on human development than social learning theory. b. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the internal process of the unconscious mind; social learning theory stresses response to external stimuli. c. Psychoanalytic theory places more importance on the social context than does social learning theory. d. Psychoanalytical theory focuses more on problematic behavior than social learning theory.
b
50. Which of the following best describes social learning theory? a. people are passive creatures who merely responded to stimuli in their environment. b. while learning is crucial to socialization, imagination also has a critical role. c. the importance of schema is overemphasized in theories of socialization. d. there are really no distinctive stages of cognitive development.
b
55. According to _______ , society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium making socialization into the ways of one's society very important. a. psychoanalytic theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. object relations theory
b
56. According to the perspective of _______ , the internalization of societal values in the process of socialization is important because it reinforces social consensus. a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. symbolic interaction theory
b
59. Albert likes to play catch with his brother, but he cannot understand the complete game of baseball. Albert is likely in which of Mead's stages? a. imitation b. play c. game d. taking
b
62. From a symbolic interactionist perspective, the key to the development of self is _______ . a. our instinctual drives b. reflection and interpretation c. childhood relations with the same-sex parent d. the effect of the division of labor on identity formation
b
65. Symbolic interaction theory suggests that children learn a. as the unconscious mind shapes their behavior. b. through taking the role of significant others. c. only when they identify with the same sex parent. d. as they begin to learn the rules of the game of life.
b
66. The sociologist who argued that self-awareness develops as we see ourselves from the point of view of others is a. Carol Gilligan. b. George Herbert Mead. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Jean Piaget.
b
68. According to Mead, children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment during the _______ stage of childhood socialization. a. imitation b. play c. game d. preoperational
b
73. Mead's term for the passive, conforming self that reacts to others is the _______ . a. ego b. me c. I d. id
b
75. Sociologists believe that socialization a. happens in the same way for all members of society. b. is not uniform; no two people have exactly the same experience. c. has a biological basis and so the social context places only a very small role in it. d. encourages conformity over individual identity.
b
76. In her research on the socialization of white and black children in working-class and middle class families, Annette Lareau found that the a. middle-class children had a more leisured life than working-class children. b. workingclass children's lives were less structured than those of middleclass children. c. working-class children had less opportunity for creative play than middle-class children. d. middle-class children were more harshly punished than working-class children.
b
84. Erik Erikson stated that the central task of adolescence is a. developing youth subcultures. b. forming a consistent identity. c. extending childhood. d. preparing for adult roles.
b
85. Research on adolescents of different social classes has found that a. lower income youth are more likely to have fun than upper class youth. b. economically privileged youth are more likely than their less privileged peers to define their activities as fun and not work. c. there are no significant differences in the activities of adolescents of different social classes. d. the world seems more "worklike" for economically privileged adolescents because of their different roles.
b
86. How does adult socialization differ from socialization at younger ages? a. Socialization is easier the older one gets. b. Adult socialization is more geared toward specific situations and roles. c. There are no differences between the socialization of adults and youth. d. Adult socialization has a fixed order in which events occur.
b
87. Molly wants to be a nurse. During college she volunteers at the local hospital. This is an example of: a. resocialization. b. anticipatory socialization. c. adolescent socialization. d. medical socialization.
b
88. Which of these is most true about the transition from an old role to a new one? a. It is always fairly easy to transition from one role to another. b. The transition is not always immediate and people may vacillate between old and new roles. c. The transition always necessitates some type of anticipatory socialization. d. Adults are not able to transition from one role to another.
b
90. _______ refers to the institutional practice of age prejudice and discrimination. a. Age cohort b. Ageism c. Age stereotypes d. Age stratification
b
96. By focusing on the competition for resources such as jobs, _______ theory offers an explanation of why both youth and the elderly are assigned lower status in society and are most likely to be poor. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. disengagement
b
12. When a student is intellectually gifted in math it is an example of _______ . a. innate traits b. social experiences c. a combination of nature and nurture d. social control
a
14. To say that not only do people live in society, but society also lives in people, is to recognize socialization as a form of _______ . a. social control b. nature c. innate knowledge d. conformity
a
19. How is socialization related to conformity? a. Some people conform too much as a result of socialization. b. Most people need to be coerced into conformity because socialization is incomplete. c. It is only the threat of some type of punishment that makes people conform to social norms. d. People do not respond to the subtle influence of social pressure to conform, even after years of socialization.
a
27. The text presents the example of the difference in how American and Japanese mothers talk to their children in order to demonstrate that a. socialization practices reflect what is important in a particular culture. b. not all cultures practice socialization in the home. c. patterns of socialization are the same throughout the world. d. there is little difference in how U.S. and Japanese mothers talk to their children.
a
3. _______ are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society. a. Roles b. Norms c. Folkways d. Values
a
31. Which of the following is true about peers as agents of socialization? a. Peer cultures for young people often take the form of cliques or friendship circles. b. Peers are much less important than other agents of socialization. c. Peer culture is more important for adults than it is for adolescents. d. Peer culture is limited to the teen years.
a
32. Religion is a powerful socialization agent. What is the impact of religion during one's childhood? a. Religious education is important to the identities children construct in childhood. b. Children typically develop very different belief systems than those of their parents. c. Regardless of how they are raised, children tend to grow away from their earliest religious training. d. Children are likely to not understand religion until they are adults.
a
34. Sociologists have found that religious beliefs influence parenting practices. Research has found that conservative Protestants are more likely than others to a. use strict discipline with children. b. use reasoning with their children. c. use positive reinforcement. d. use little or no discipline with children.
a
36. Michael Messner's research on men and sports shows that a. sports are often the context for developing relationships between fathers and sons. b. most men strive for a professional sporting career. c. for most Men their closest peer relationships are within sports. d. sports are more influential for men than for boys.
a
4. Which of the following is true regarding socialization? a. The socialization experience differs for individuals based on their social location. b. The process of socialization is most directly considered psychological. c. Through socialization, individuals internalize behaviors. d. Personality is the basis for socialization.
a
47. Which of the following theories focuses on the external social stimuli and social context of socialization? a. social learning theory b. the psychoanalytic theory c. symbolic interaction d. object relations theory
a
74. In their conceptions of how the self is formed, how does Mead differ from Freud? a. Freud believed the self was fixed in childhood; Mead though it was always changing. b. Mead doesn't think there are multiple parts of the individual. c. Freud isn't theoretical and Mead is. d. Mead argued that the self is static and unchangeable.
a
77. Annette Lareau's research on middleclass and workingclass children illustrates a. the lack of preparation working-class and poor children receive in terms of learning to negotiate through various social institutions. b. the relatively few significant differences in the socialization experiences of middle-class and working-class children. c. how working-class children are actually better off than middle-class children. d. that socialization is not really class-based.
a
79. Which of the following statements is true about the process of socialization? a. Socialization begins the moment a person is born. b. By adolescence the socialization process is complete. c. Socialization ends when one becomes an adult. d. One's identity becomes fixed during the process of early socialization.
a
81. The phases of the life course are important because they a. bind people of the same generation. b. control what individuals are allowed to do. c. permit sociologists to study the internal construction of one's self. d. keep individuals organized.
a
83. Socialization during childhood is often a. direct. b. extreme. c. subtle. d. accidental.
a
89. The term for both prejudice and institutionalized discrimination against people of various ages is termed _______ . a. ageism b. classism c. cohort discrimination d. age stereotypes
a
93. According to the perspective of _______ , age differentiation contributes to the common good of society because each group has varying degrees of usefulness for society. a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. disengagement theory
a
94. According to the _______ perspective, the diminished usefulness of the elderly justifies their depressed earning power. a. functionalist b. conflict c. psychoanalytic d. symbolic interactionist
a
98. According to functionalism, age differentiation a. contributes to the common good. b. results from varied levels of power. c. occurs in most societies in varying ways. d. promotes inequality.
a
17. According to sociologists when men engage in risky behaviors they often are victims of _______ . a. innate behavior b. male socialization c. reactive socialization d. low-self worth
b
18. Which of the following is false in regards to socialization and conformity? a. All people are unique to some degree. b. Conformity to social expectations eliminates individuality. c. People resist some of society's expectations. d. Most people do conform to varying degrees.
b
2. Genie was studied intensively by scientists primarily interested in a. how physical attractiveness affects personality. b. language acquisition and the psychological effects of extreme confinement. c. how age chronology affects one's social development. d. how the human genome affects personality development.
b
21. Bob is reflecting back on how he experienced socialization. He is thinking about his _______ . a. innate experiences b. self-concept c. nature d. personality
b
23. Which of these is not generally viewed as a consequence of socialization? a. People have the capacity for seeing oneself through the perspective of another. b. People have the ability to understand the ways in which they are socialized. c. People have a tendency to act in socially acceptable ways. d. People are bearers of culture.
b
28. Which of the following has increased its influence on our socialization in the modern era? a. The family b. The mass media c. Peer groups d. Education
b
29. When Johnny experiences an agent of socialization providing social approval and support, the agent is most likely _______ . a. his family b. his peer group c. his religious community d. his school
b
35. Recent research indicates that as agents of socialization, sports a. are more important sources of identity for men than women. b. are where many ideas about gender differences are formed and reinforced. c. have historically been significant in the formation of women's identity. d. have been less significant in the development of masculine identity than was previously believed.
b
37. Current research on women in sports has found that women athletes a. have low self-esteem when they compare themselves to male athletes. b. develop a strong sense of bodily competence. c. have difficulty bonding with other women. d. are considered as feminine as other women.
b
38. Research on education in the U.S. indicates that a. the expectations encountered in schools are much the same for most students. b. studying socialization in schools is an excellent way to see the influence of gender, class, and race in shaping socialization. c. girls receive more attention in the curriculum than boys. d. even when boys and girls are segregated into different groups, the sociological consequences are the same.
b
43. According to this theory of socialization if Betty receives positive reinforcement she will repeat it. a. psychoanalysis b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict
b
9. Sociologists note that the way society is organized and people's lives within it are the result of social definitions and processes. In other words, sociologists state that our lives are socially a. static. b. differentiated. c. constructed. d. interactive.
c
91. An age cohort refers to a. the hierarchical ranking of different age groups in society. b. a type of age-based discrimination. c. an aggregate of people born during the same time period. d. the discrimination and prejudice toward a particular age group.
c
92. As George ages, disengagement theory would predict that he would _______ . a. increase his physical activity b. increase his support of youth activities c. decrease his participation in society d. get depressed
c
95. _______ predicts that people will withdraw from participation in society as they age, and that they will be relieved of responsibility. a. Conflict theory b. Age stratification c. Disengagement theory d. Social learning
c
97. The meaning of different age groups varies from culture to culture. This would be of most interest to _______ . a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. object relations theory
c
41. Which of the following statements regarding Freud's psychoanalytic theory is false? a. The superego incorporates society's collective expectations. b. The ego plays a balancing act between the id and the superego. c. The id is in permanent conflict with the superego. d. The ego is independent of the superego and the id.
d
5. Through the process of socialization we do all of the following, except a. learn the customs, habits, and practices of one's society. b. develop our identity. c. form our individual personality. d. experience diversity.
d
53. Which theory of socialization does John reflect if he believes he is doing what society expects in terms of choosing a career? a. Conflict b. Symbolic Interactionism c. Social learning d. Functionalism
d
67. Mead's stages, in their correct order, are a. imitation, sensorimotor, operational. b. preoperational, play, concrete operational. c. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational. d. imitation, play, game.
d
72. For Mead, the generalized other represents a. the unconscious mind. b. people with whom children have a close relationship. c. the repressed feelings and instincts to act badly. d. the roles and expectations of society.
d
78. Children learn race and gender within all of the following, except a. the family. b. school. c. the media. d. the economy.
d
99. The _______ perspective considers the role of social perception in understanding the meaning of different age groups within different societies. a. functionalist b. conflict c. psychoanalytic d. symbolic interactionist
d
11. From a sociological perspective, what a person becomes a. is a result of innate traits. b. emerges throughout life. c. results from social experiences. d. is mainly genetic.
c
13. Most sociologists would probably agree that in the nature-nurture debate, a. nature is more important than nurture in the development of humanness. b. for some people biology seems to be the more important influence; for others social interaction is more important. c. human development is the result of the interaction of natural and social influences. d. nurture seems to be the ultimate determinant of human nature.
c
15. Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called _______ . a. criminology b. socialization c. social control d. punishments
c
20. How do most sociologists view conformity? a. Socialization causes humans to passively conform to social norms. b. Even after socialization it is very difficult to get most people to conform. c. It is possible for some people to conform too much. d. Conformity ends when it leads people to enter into potentially dangerous behaviors.
c
24. According to research presented in the text, males are more likely to rate themselves _______ than females. a. more cooperative b. more spiritual c. more self-confident d. better writers
c
25. Socialization agents teach us the social expectations of society. According to the text, a. social institutions are never socialization agents. b. individual people are not socialization agents. c. everyone is potentially a socializing agent. d. it is impossible to identify the true socialization agents in society
c
26. Which of the following is true about the family as an agent of socialization? a. The family is rarely a person's first source of socialization. b. In today's world parents have a very minor role in the development of their child's identity. c. Not all families socialize children in the same way or into the expectations. d. The media are a more important source of gender socialization than the family.
c
30. According to the text sports is a good example of the power of socialization _______ . a. in organized settings b. in areas of social control c. in our everyday lives d. in formal organizations
c
33. The text uses "creationism" as an example of how the social context influences religious socialization. How does the social context related to "creationism"? a. People generally become creationists as adults when they learn evolutionary theory. b. Creationism is equally distributed among people in different religious denominations. c. People who believe in creationism tend to come from small towns where they have been less exposed to other influences. d. Creationism is more pronounced in nontraditional families.
c
39. Sociologists use the term _______ to refer to the subtle messages about race, class, and gender roles that are conveyed through classroom interaction and classroom materials. a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. tracking system c. hidden curriculum d. unequal discourse
c
48. The central feature social learning theory is that a. learning is simple. b. individuals are resistant to learning. c. learning and imagination are both important. d. children can progress through separate stages simultaneously
c
52. According to the text if a family engages their children with deliberate cultivation of their development then: a. They reflect middle class socialization b. The children are experiencing natural growth c. They are most often engaging in middle class socialization d. They are most often working class
c
57. _______ is interested in how social inequality affects the development of an individual's identity. a. Psychoanalytic theory b. Functionalism c. Conflict theory d. Symbolic interaction
c
60. Which of these statements is false from the perspective of symbolic interactionism? a. The self is what we imagine we are. b. Humans make conscious choices in response to their social environment. c. Identity is something unconscious and hidden from view. d. Social roles are real because people give meaning to them.
c
64. According to Charles Horton Cooley, the self is formed as we a. respond to our subconscious need for approval. b. imitate the play of others. c. respond to the expectations that others have of us. d. are punished for behaving incorrectly.
c
69. George Herbert Mead used the term _______ to refer to people like parents, siblings, or friends. a. generalized other b. important other c. significant other d. familiar other
c
7. Social scientists and others debate whether humanness is naturally occurring or socially created. This is called the _______ debate. a. inherent - innate b. internal-external c. nature - nurture d. sociology - biology
c
70. Mead believed that children acquire a concept of the generalized other during the _______ stage of childhood socialization. a. imitation b. play c. game d. preoperational
c
71. During the game stage of socialization children begin to learn a. how to follow directions given by others. b. that they are not always the center of everyone's attention. c. they are part of a complex system of relationships. d. to imitate the behavior of significant others.
c
80. _______ examines human development through exploration of the connections between one's personal attributes and roles and social and historical events. a. The social-historical self b. Life history analysis c. The life course perspective d. The sociological imagination
c
82. Researchers interested in how socialization takes place during childhood observed the behaviors of parents walking with children in public. The researchers noted that a. mothers carried their children more than fathers. b. fathers were more likely to be pushing an empty stroller than were mothers. c. both parents were more protective of girls than of boys. d. both parents were more protective of boys than girls.
c
8. Mary is discussing her feelings about her country. Her consistent pattern of behavior is called _______ . a. personality b. identity c. nature d. innate beliefs
a
44. Psychoanalytic theory differs from social learning theory in that it: a. sees human identity as indeterminate b. interprets human identity as a process occurring late in life c. interprets human identity as a process occurring early in life d. sees identity as a learned response
d
1. The case of Genie, a girl who was isolated for most of her childhood, illustrates that a. human beings need social contact for normal development. b. the human genome project will be able to create humans without socialization. c. human development is possible without socialization. d. society is not as important as biology for human development.
a
107. When people are held captive, deprived of sustenance or otherwise abused they sometimes come to identify with their captor or abuser because they are dependent upon them. This phenomenon has been termed _______ . a. the Stockholm Syndrome b. the Shreve Syndrome c. brainwashing d. desocialization
a
49. Social learning theory views identity as a. the result of shaping oneself in response to the expectations of others. b. the result of the struggle of the self with the unconscious. c. unimportant. d. the product of the I and the Me.
a
51. Which theory of socialization sees identity as a product of different opportunities? a. Conflict b. Functionalism c. Symbolic interactionism d. Social learning
a
58. Although the process of socialization promotes conformity, individual are also shaped by resistance to conformity and to oppression. This is an argument of _______ . a. conflict theory b. functionalism c. social learning theory d. symbolic interaction theory
a
6. Marcus and Taylor have learned their expected behaviors so well that they no longer question them. This is an example of _______ . a. internalization b. socialization c. role confusion d. conformity
a
61. Which theorist used the concept of the looking glass self to explain how the self emerges in interaction with others? a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean Piaget
a
63. Which of the following is not part of the process of the looking glass self? a. We watch others and learn the basic rules of identity. b. We consider how we think we appear to others. c. We consider how we think others judge us. d. How we think others perceive us affect how we feel.
a
10. In regards to the "nature vs. nurture" debate, sociologists would tend to emphasize _______ . a. nature b. nurture c. both d. neither
b
100. Graduation ceremonies, weddings, and bar mitzvahs are all examples of _______ . a. rites of transference b. rites of passage c. rites of separation d. rites of incorporation
b
101. Which of the following statements is true about rites of passage? a. The ceremonies surrounding rites of passage tend to be informal and "low key." b. Contemporary U.S. society has no single, formalized rite of passage marking the transition from childhood to adulthood. c. Rites of passage are a unique feature of American society. d. Rites of passage are relatively consistent over time.
b
103. Resocialization is a process that a. takes place continually over the course of a lifetime. b. radically alters or replaces existing social roles. c. generally occurs in an informal setting, not an institutional setting. d. breaks down solidarity because it may be a humiliating process.
b
102. Tommy joined a cult where he was given a new name and moved away from his family in order to learn the "right way." Tommy is going through _______ . a. anticipatory socialization b. reverse socialization c. resocialization d. amalgamation
c
40. Psychoanalytic theories of socialization are based on the work of Sigmund Freud, whose theoretical contribution related to socialization is a. the looking glass self. b. the I and the Me. c. the idea that the subconscious mind shapes human behavior. d. the need for psychoanalysis for everyone to discover their true self.
c
42. According to Freud, people cope with the tension between their _______ by developing defense mechanisms. a. ego and id b. ego and superego c. id and superego d. None of these is correct.
c
45. Psychoanalytic theory argues that a. human identity changes at different stages throughout our lives. b. social identity is the result of a conscious and creative process. c. human behavior is directed and motivated by underlying forces that are largely unconscious. d. the self is an extension of the social standards of society, not instinctual influences.
c
54. According to _______ , society maintains its stability through socialization. a. psychosocial b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict theory
c
104. Resocialization likely occurs in all of the following, except a. joining the military b. going to prison c. an extreme conversion d. losing a loved one
d
105. _______ is a far-reaching transformation of identity. a. Resocialization b. Religion c. Hazing d. A conversion
d
106. Sociologists have studied conversion as a form of resocialization. Some sociologists object to the use of the term "brainwashing" when discussing conversion. Which of the following is not a reason why? a. In the process of conversion new converts do not necessarily drop their former identities. b. People who are socially isolated or alienated may be attracted to cults, for example, voluntarily. c. Even within cult-like settings socialization is an interactive process. d. "Brainwashing" has a negative connotation.
d
16. Which of the following is not evidence that socialization serves as a form of social control? a. Once learned, the expectations of others are enough to keep most people in line. b. A person experiences pressure when they deviate from what others believe. c. Internalizing social norms causes most people to conform without the use of coercion or violence. d. Social control eliminates individuality.
d
22. One consequence of socialization is that it makes people bearers of culture. Which of these outcomes of socialization is most related to people as bearers of culture? a. Socialization shapes a person's self concept. b. Socialization creates the capacity for understanding the perspective of other people. c. Socialization creates the tendency to act in socially acceptable ways. d. Socialization ultimately produces society itself.
d