Sociology, Chapter 1-3
According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago?
250,000 years
On average, an adult in the US watches TV for about how many hours a day?
4
What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?
Agrarian
The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by
Auguste Comte
Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
Behaviorism
What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?
Cohort
In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?
Ego
The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Eurpoe was
Emile Durkheim
Sociology first appeared as a formal discipline in
France
Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?
Harriet Martineau
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
Id
Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750?
Industrial societies
For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?
Peroperational stage
_______ is a way of understanding the world based on science.
Positivism
W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that ___ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century
Race
According to Piaget, in which stage of human development so individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
Sensorimotor stage
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences?
Social dysfunctions
Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color?
W.E.B. Du Bois
The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was
William Graham Summer
Telling jokes is an example of
a cultural universal
Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of
age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance
Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations
are based on all available facts
Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as
artifacts
The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that
as humans, to nurture is out nature
Learning more sociology can help you
assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives
Making use of the sociological perspective encourages
challenging many commonly-held beliefs
Jean Piaget's focus was on
cognition, or how people think and understand.
A majority of people over the age of 65 in the US
consider their health "good" or "excellent"
Subculture refers to
cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.
The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called
cultural relativism
Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to
end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life
A good example of cultural lag is
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so
Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that
girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence
The flow of _________ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture
goods
Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person
has completed all schooling
Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______
has completed all schooling
In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally
have much more inequality than less productive societal types
Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and discovered that, with regard to race, these people
help much the same ideas about race as sighted people
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing
high culture
The US falls within which category of the worlds nations
high-income nation
Because there are more social isolation in rural areas of the US that in urban areas, we would expect suicide rate to be
higher in rural areas
The first type of society to generate a material surplus was
horticultural and pastoral
Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because
human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous
Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that
humans have basic self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society
Mead would agree that
if you won $700 million in a lottery, your "self" might change
By "taking the role of the other", Mead had in mind
imagining a situation from another person's pov
In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?
imitation, play, game, generalized other
Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect
increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size
In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death
is an orderly transition involving specific stages
An example of a latent function of college is
keeping young people out of a tight labor force, which may not have jobs for them
The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it
lets children escape the direct supervision of parents
In the period of life called "middle adulthood", people typically experience
life circumstances becoming more or less set
What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the US and Western Europe?
life expectancy went up
Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that
long-term social isolation leads to permanent development damage in both monkeys and humans
According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have
lower levels of social integration
The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as
manifest functions
Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories?
middle-income nations
Countries in which average people's income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area are categorized as
middle-income nations
The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that
monkeys isolated for 6 months were highly fearful when they returned to others of their own kind
Social problems in the US, such as poverty and gender inequality, are
more serious in poorer countries
As a part of human culture, religion is an example of
non-material culture
The intangible world ideas created by members of a society is referred to as
non-material culture
Critics of Erikson's theory of personality development point out that
not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson
In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that
nurture is far more important than nature
Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.
obedience; creativity
The social-conflict approach draws attention to
patterns of social inequality
Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is
people creating diverse cultural systems
When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self", he claimed that
people see themselves as they think others see them
A manifest function of sports is
providing recreation and physical conditioning
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to
radically alter a person's personality or behavior
Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
relies on culture to ensure survival
A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it
says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race
Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that
science has an important place in sociology
According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development?
scientific stage
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
significant others
If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that
social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality
The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the
social-conflict approach
Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism?
social-conflict approach
The __________ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms.
structural-functional and social-conflict
A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the
structural-functional approach
The early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim used the
structural-functional approach
The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the
structural-functional approach
Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _______ patterns.
subcultural
According to Mead, social experience involves
the exchange of symbol
The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which
the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige
The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________
the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations
About 1 million immigrants enter the US each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that
the world's nations are increasingly interconnected
What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners?
typically, a person married someone of similar social position
The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects
whether she lives in a poor or a rich society
In the US today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?
white males
Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to
widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own
Biological changes that accompany growing old include
wrinkles on skin, graying of hair, height and weight loss, less keen senses
