Sociology, Chapter 1-3

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According to scientists, Homo sapiens first appeared on Earth about how long ago?

250,000 years

On average, an adult in the US watches TV for about how many hours a day?

4

What type of society engages in large-scale farming based on the use of plows drawn by animals or more powerful energy sources?

Agrarian

The term "sociology" was coined in 1838 by

Auguste Comte

Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?

Behaviorism

What is the term sociologists give to a category of people with a common characteristic, usually their age?

Cohort

In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?

Ego

The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Eurpoe was

Emile Durkheim

Sociology first appeared as a formal discipline in

France

Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?

Harriet Martineau

In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?

Id

Which type of human society has existed only since about the year 1750?

Industrial societies

For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?

Peroperational stage

_______ is a way of understanding the world based on science.

Positivism

W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that ___ was the major problem facing the United States during the twentieth century

Race

According to Piaget, in which stage of human development so individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?

Sensorimotor stage

Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. Which of the following concepts refers to these negative consequences?

Social dysfunctions

Which early sociologist received the first doctorate ever awarded by Harvard University to a person of color?

W.E.B. Du Bois

The early U.S. sociologist who described the difference between folkways and mores was

William Graham Summer

Telling jokes is an example of

a cultural universal

Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of

age, class, and our place in history, because of these are all ways in which society guides college attendance

Unlike simple stereotypes, sociological generalizations

are based on all available facts

Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as

artifacts

The social sciences, including sociology, make the claim that

as humans, to nurture is out nature

Learning more sociology can help you

assess the opportunities and constraints in our lives

Making use of the sociological perspective encourages

challenging many commonly-held beliefs

Jean Piaget's focus was on

cognition, or how people think and understand.

A majority of people over the age of 65 in the US

consider their health "good" or "excellent"

Subculture refers to

cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population.

The practice of understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called

cultural relativism

Sarah is spending a summer living in another country where people have a way of life that differs from her own. A sociologist might expect that this experience would lead her to

end up with a greater understanding of both a new way of life and her own way of life

A good example of cultural lag is

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

Carol Gilligan's work on the issue of self-esteem in girls showed that

girls begin with high levels of self-esteem, which gradually decrease as they go through adolescence

The flow of _________ from country to country adds to the creation of a global culture

goods

Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person

has completed all schooling

Today, the factor people most commonly use in considering a young woman or young man to have reached adulthood is whether or not the person _______

has completed all schooling

In terms of social inequality, agrarian societies generally

have much more inequality than less productive societal types

Osagie Obasogie did research with people who have been blind since birth and discovered that, with regard to race, these people

help much the same ideas about race as sighted people

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing

high culture

The US falls within which category of the worlds nations

high-income nation

Because there are more social isolation in rural areas of the US that in urban areas, we would expect suicide rate to be

higher in rural areas

The first type of society to generate a material surplus was

horticultural and pastoral

Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because

human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous

Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that

humans have basic self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society

Mead would agree that

if you won $700 million in a lottery, your "self" might change

By "taking the role of the other", Mead had in mind

imagining a situation from another person's pov

In Mead's model, which sequence correctly orders stages of the developing self?

imitation, play, game, generalized other

Assume you have a business that provides products to older people. Looking ahead, you have reason to expect

increasing sales, because your target population is increasing in size

In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death

is an orderly transition involving specific stages

An example of a latent function of college is

keeping young people out of a tight labor force, which may not have jobs for them

The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents

In the period of life called "middle adulthood", people typically experience

life circumstances becoming more or less set

What effect did industrialization have on life expectancy in the US and Western Europe?

life expectancy went up

Based on the Harlows' research with rhesus monkeys and the case of Anna, the isolated child, one might reasonably conclude that

long-term social isolation leads to permanent development damage in both monkeys and humans

According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have

lower levels of social integration

The recognized and intended consequences of a social pattern are referred to as

manifest functions

Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls within which of the following categories?

middle-income nations

Countries in which average people's income is typical for the world as a whole and in which people are as likely to live in a rural area as in an urban area are categorized as

middle-income nations

The Harlow experiments to discover the effects of social isolation on rhesus monkeys showed that

monkeys isolated for 6 months were highly fearful when they returned to others of their own kind

Social problems in the US, such as poverty and gender inequality, are

more serious in poorer countries

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of

non-material culture

The intangible world ideas created by members of a society is referred to as

non-material culture

Critics of Erikson's theory of personality development point out that

not everyone confronts the stages in the exact order given by Erikson

In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that

nurture is far more important than nature

Thinking about how patterns of child-rearing vary by class, lower-class parents generally stress _____, while well-to-do parents typically stress _____.

obedience; creativity

The social-conflict approach draws attention to

patterns of social inequality

Looking all around the world, what we find everywhere is

people creating diverse cultural systems

When Cooley used the concept of the "looking-glass self", he claimed that

people see themselves as they think others see them

A manifest function of sports is

providing recreation and physical conditioning

According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to

radically alter a person's personality or behavior

Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that

relies on culture to ensure survival

A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it

says little about the influence of structural factors such as culture, class, gender, and race

Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that

science has an important place in sociology

According to Auguste Comte, the type of thinking favored by people such as Thomas Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, becomes common in a society at which stage of societal development?

scientific stage

According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as

significant others

If you were to put together the lesson learned from the cases of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie, you would correctly conclude that

social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality

The "framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change" is the

social-conflict approach

Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism?

social-conflict approach

The __________ approaches are macro-level, describing societies in broad, structural terms.

structural-functional and social-conflict

A theory that explains how schooling helps prepare young people for the work they will do as adults represents the

structural-functional approach

The early sociologists Auguste Comte and Emile Durkheim used the

structural-functional approach

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability is the

structural-functional approach

Harley Davidson motorcycle riders, computer programmers, and jazz musicians all display _______ patterns.

subcultural

According to Mead, social experience involves

the exchange of symbol

The concept of "gerontocracy" refers to a society in which

the oldest people have the most wealth, power, and prestige

The basic idea of the symbolic-interaction approach is that society is ________

the product of people interacting in countless everyday situations

About 1 million immigrants enter the US each year and many (including Arnold Schwarzenegger and Gloria Estefan) have become well known. These facts support the conclusion that

the world's nations are increasingly interconnected

What might a sociologist say about people's selection of marriage partners?

typically, a person married someone of similar social position

The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects

whether she lives in a poor or a rich society

In the US today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following categories of people?

white males

Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to

widespread cultural norms and values people take as their own

Biological changes that accompany growing old include

wrinkles on skin, graying of hair, height and weight loss, less keen senses


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