Sociology Chapter 1,2,3 Review (In-Progress)

What is a famous quote from Shakespeare that aligns with Erving Goffman sociological belief?

"All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players"

What is a famous quote from Charles H. Cooley?

"I am not what I think I am and I am not what you think I am; I am what I think that you think I am.

What is a famous quote from W.I. Thomas?

"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences."

What is one quote from Harriet Martineau?

"Teach a child that his nature is evil, and you will make him evil."

Howard Becker suggests sociology is?

"The study of people doing things together."

What is a famous quote from W.E.B. Du Bois?

"the talented 1/10"

What does verstehen mean? ( A term by Max Weber)

("empathic understanding") to describe how a social scientist should study human action: that is, with a kind of scientific empathy for actors' experiences, intentions, and actions.

Mansplaining is?

(of a man) explain (something) to someone, typically a woman, in a manner regarded as condescending or patronizing.

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) (Catton and Dunlap 1978)

- Humans are but one species - Intricate linkages of cause and effect and feedback - The world is finite

Human Exceptionalism Paradigm "HEP" (Catton and Dunlap 1978)

- Humans are unique - Differences are socially induced - Progress can continue without limit - Historical Context of the HEP: Manifest Destiny and Ideology.

Organic Solidarity (Durkheim)

- What keeps people together in a society like today is that we all rely on each other. Regardless of what we believe. Presupposed differences between individuals in their belief and actions which may not hold all societies together

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979)

- famed functionalist - advocated grand theory (the theory of society based on aspects fo the real world and the organization of these concepts to form a conception of society as a stable system of interrelated parts). Came up with manifest functions and latent functions

Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

--meanings emerge through interaction --close observational work --Understand underlying forms of human interaction worked at the Chicago School of Sociology

Hurricane Katrina (2005)

1,833 died due to the aftermath of the hurricane. It hit the gulf coast between Mississippi and New Orleans.

What is the science method in order?

1. Identify an important question that needs an answer. 2. construct expectations about the answer to this question. 3. Gather data that allows researchers to assess the accuracy of these expectations. 4. Analyze the data to determine whether the expectations are accurate. 5. Draw and report conclusions.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

1. Scientific socialist who coauthored "The Communist Manifesto" 2. Believed that the history of class conflict is best understood through the dialectical process of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis 3. Contended that a class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat would lead "to the dictatorship of the proletariat," which in turn would be a transitional phase leading to a classless society 4. He is the founder and key contributor to conflict theory

Steps to Scientific Inquiry in order?

1. Theory 2. Hypothesis 3. Design Study 4. Data collection 5. Data Analysis 6. Data Interpretation 7. Reporting

What is the percentage for the amount of houses black people are shown?

17.7 percent less than other ethnic groups.

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

What is the percentage of black sounding names that are less likely to be called back?

50 percent.

In comparison to white people, what is the rate of which black people are incarcerated?

6 times.

How much higher are black people charged when buying cars?

700 dollars.

If you are unemployed what is this an example of?

A Personal Trouble

Using Hurricane Katrina as an example, If someone you know or love died because of this natural disaster that would be considered to you as:

A Personal Trouble

Analysis of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina shows the majority of those who died were elderly, black and/or poor. What issue can this be viewed as?

A Public Issue

Unemployment reaches 20% in a single year is an example of what?

A Public Issue/Social Problem

What is Critical Theory?

A contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression.

Define false consciousness.

A denial of the truth on the part of the oppressed when they fail to recognize that the interests of the ruling class are embedded in the dominant ideology

What is an Organicism?

A living organism

What is the IPAT Model?

A model Developed to determine the environmental impact of human activities. Impact (I) = Population (P) ´Affluence (A) ´ Technology (T)

Sociological Mindfulness

A particular way one can pay attention to the world- to see it for what it is and to understand what makes the social world a unique phenomenon.

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

A social activist who traveled the United States and wrote about social changes. Translated Comte's work into English. Largely discounted because she was a woman. She wrote two books describing her observations, Society in America (1837) and Retrospect of Western Travel (1838), both critical of American leadership and culture.

What is Conversation Analysis?

A sociological approach that looks at how we create meaning in naturally occurring conversation, often by taping conversations and examining their transcripts.

Weberian Theory?

A sociological perspective, deriving from the work of Max Weber, focused on understanding and explaining social action. Contemporary forms of Weberian sociology are usually expressed as interactionist sociology. Max Weber - Power to impose one's will on others through wealth, power, and prestige. (social honor is granted to people).

probability sampling

A type of sampling in which every element in the population being studied has a known chance of being selected for study

Symbolic-Interaction Perspective is?

A way to explain our behavior in terms of the patterns of thought and beliefs we have an in terms of the meanings we give our lives. Society is created by shared meaning.

W.E.B. Du Bois (1863-1963) was an outspoken critic of

African American rights and articulated the Theory of Dual Consciousness.

informed consent

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

Analyzed social interaction Explained how people live their lives like actors performing on a stage

Erving Goffman (1922-1982)

Analyzed social interaction Explained how people live their lives like actors performing on a stage and focused on the Presentation of self. There are different roles in society and we all play a role and it affects how we interact with different individuals.

Durkheim theorized that suicide is one result of

Anomie

Suicide (1897)

Anomie

African Americans moved to?

Areas they could afford which were lower in elevation which is a root for inequality. (From a Sociology Standpoint)

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)

As a co-founder of Symbolic Interaction, he saw ROLE-TAKING as crucial to the development of Self in children. In a similar approach to FREUD, he defined the "I" and "ME" as unsocialized and socialized parts of the Self.

What social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?

Auguste Comte

Given the racial segregation explain how and why different ethnicities are separated...

Based on the Race in NOLA, whites predominantly live in higher raised areas as compared to African American individuals which suffered due to flooding.

Why are we so interested in people in television shows?

Because people are interesting! Because we are people too. No matter how we are different from the folks on reality TV, we are part of the same society, and for that reason we are curious as to how they live. We compare their lives with ours, wonder how common or unusual they or we are, and marvel that we are all apart of the same, real world. We, too, may want to win competitions, date an attractive person, find a high-profile job, feel pretty or handsome, be part of an exclusive group, or have a lovely home and family. We may even want to be on a reality show ourselves.

What is the "hourglass" notion of research?

Begin with broad questions narrow down focus in operationalize observe analyze data reach conclusions generalize back to questions (It can be flipped either way)

Bernard McGrane (1994) proposed what way of thinking?

Beginner's mind - learning the world by new information and facts we don't know..Unlearning information we know now to look at the world from a different lens. Beginner's mind approaches the world without knowing in advance what it will find; it is open and receptive to experience.

What is a "problem?"

Biology, chemistry, physics obey the laws of nature/physics; therefore, have no problems.

After Mead's death in 1931,

Blumer gave Mead's theory the name it now goes by: symbolic interactionism. Thus, Mead and Blumer became the somewhat unwitting founders of a much larger theoretical perspective.

Economic Focus is separated into what two economic categories?

Bourgeoisies and the Proletariat

What is the difference between Micro-sociology and Macro-sociology?

By focusing on individual-level interactions, a microsociological perspective is more like a zoom lens, while a macrosociological perspective is more like a wide-angle lens.

How can we make the familiar strange?

By picking out what seems normal to us, and then looking at it from a scientific standpoint. Observing it from a different perspective seeing if its weird.

How can we make our own lives seem ordinary?

By seeing how we are similiar to other people in choices, values, beliefs etc..

What are some factors of culture change?

Cultural lag refers to the time gap that occurs when social or cultural changes outpace the ability of society to adapt to them. It refers to the delay in adjusting social norms, values, and institutions in response to technological advancements or other cultural shifts. Cultural diffusion is the spread or transmission of cultural beliefs, practices, customs, or ideas from one society or group to another. It occurs through various means, such as migration, trade, communication, or media, and can lead to the adoption or modification of cultural elements by receiving societies. Cultural leveling refers to the process by which cultures become more similar to each other over time. It occurs due to the exchange of ideas, cultural practices, and values, often facilitated by globalization. Cultural leveling can result in the erosion of distinct cultural differences and the homogenization of societies. Cultural imperialism refers to the dominance or influence of one culture over others, often due to political or economic power. It involves the imposition of cultural values, norms, and practices of a dominant culture onto subordinate cultures, potentially leading to the erosion or suppression of local traditions and identities. Multiculturalism refers to a social or political ideology that promotes the coexistence and recognition of multiple cultural groups within a society. It emphasizes the importance of diversity, equal rights, and respect for different cultural identities, fostering a society that values and celebrates various cultural perspectives, practices, and traditions.

What is the difference between Induction and Deduction?

Deduction: Theory, Hypothesis, Observation, Confirmation Induction: Observation, Pattern, Tentative Hypothesis, and Theory

Define environmental degradation.

Depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife that is used faster than it is naturally replenished. If such use continues, the resource becomes nonrenewable or nonexistent.

Karl Marx separated materialism into two terms what were they?

Dialectical & Historical Materialism.

What is the exploitation of labor?

Employers taking advantage of employees- paying too little, dangerous conditions, too many hours, etc.

What is Harold Garfinkel the founder of?

Ethnomethodolgy - the study of "folk methods" and background knowledge that sustain a shared sense of reality in everyday interactions

Define midrange theory

Explains processes occurring between the macro and microlevels.

What can be the possible explanations for studies?

Exploration, Description, Explanation

George H. Mead (1836-1931)

Focused on reflexivity, Passive (Me) & Active (I), and Self-Concept. As an individual we come to see ourselves as object and subject. We engage in internal dialogue with ourselves and look at ourselves passively and actively.

What is the Feminist theory?

Focuses on social inequalities that take place on the basis of gender

Durkheim, Emile (1858-1917)

French sociologist, who along with Karl Marx and Max Weber, is known as one of the so-called 'founders' of sociology. His preoccupation with value-consensus, social solidarity and integration as characteristics of a healthy society (in contrast to anomie) has led to his association structural functionalism.

Observing unemployment rate from a sociological standpoint why is unemployment rates higher in Alabama as opposed to Texas could it be that people are lazier in Alabama?

Given this public issue, it's not just laziness it could also be what type of jobs are available and how many are easily accessible to working class.

Karl Marx (1818-1883)

He looked specifically at what keeps people from being successful and the disproportionate reality between advantages and disadvantages people have in reality.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857)

He proposed the idea that society goes through a progression of societal dynamic and changes. He asked where does knowledge come from, and was influenced by the French revolution in 1789-1794. He introduced three stages Theological (Animism, Polytheism, and Monotheism), Metaphysical, and Positivity.

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

He the central figure in functionalist theory. He was born into a close-knit and deeply religious Jewish family who instilled in him a strong sense of morality (not just as an abstract concept but as a concrete influence on social relations) and a strong work ethic. In his first major study, The Division of Labor in Society (1893), Durkheim stated that solidarity, or unity, was present in all types of societies but that different types of societies created different types of social bonds.

Culture can include?

Human-nature (sociological definition) Superior Human-Inferior Man: Ethnocentrism & Cultural Relativism Man-Machine

Materialism

In order to understand the social world materialism focuses on the real world instead of the metaphysical things of the mind. There is an objective reality independent of mind and spirit. NOT FOCUSED on abstract world of mind.

Remarkable changes in the 18th and 19th century are?

Industrial Technology, Growth of cities, and Political Change

In comparison to the other theories, what purpose does Symbolic-Interaction Perspective have?

Inequalities and conflict are all contextualized by how people construct meaning of the patterned behaviors of functionalities.

What are some differences between Biology and Culture?

Instincts and Drives.

Why are areas near the Mississippi raised in elevation?

Is it raised to avoid flooding. Which is based on NOLA 1863 when settlers wanted to create a town/city in which they had to build it higher in elevation.

What is Empiricism?

Is the idea that the world can be subjected to observation, which is the use of the senses to gather data about social phenomena. In social research, the integration of both theory and empiricism is essential.

What is a theory?

It is a sequential argument consisting of a series of logically related statements put forward to illuminate some element of social life.

Culture is?

It is both cause by and created by action.

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

It was primarily responsible for the establishment of sociology in Britain and America. Although Spencer did not receive academic training, he grew up in a highly individualistic family and was encouraged to think to learn on his own.

Sociological Skepticism is?

Knowledge of the physical world started to make people question the social world.

Charles H. Cooley (1864-1929) argued that the "self" emerges from how an individual interacts with others and then interprets those interactions. He calls this:

Looking Glass Self (We come to see ourselves as other people see and interact with us)

Organisms serve functions in our society. Two functions are?

Manifest and Latent Functions.

What is the Proletariat?

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production.

Cultural can be divided into:

Material and Nonmaterial cultural. Material culture refers to the physical objects and artifacts created, used, or modified by humans within a society. It includes tangible items such as tools, buildings, clothing, and technology. Nonmaterial culture, on the other hand, encompasses the intangible aspects of a society, including beliefs, values, norms, language, symbols, rituals, and knowledge systems. Material culture is observable and tangible, while nonmaterial culture is abstract and symbolic. Together, material and nonmaterial culture shape and influence the behaviors, interactions, and identities of individuals within a society.

What did Max Weber mean by Iron Cage?

Max Weber's pessimistic description of modern life, in which we are caught in bureaucratic structures that control our lives through rigid rules and rationalization.

What is official?

Men talk more than women.

What are the difference between the different levels of theory?

Micro-level theory looks at individual interactions and behaviors. Macro-level theory focuses on large-scale social structures and systems. Meso-level theory examines intermediate-sized social groups and their interactions.

What are the different Levels of theory?

Micro-level theory, Macro-level theory, Meso-level theory

What does Positivism Mean?

Modernism There is absolute truth, truth is not created it is discovered. Professions: Law enforcement, science, medicine, biology

Race in New Orleans (NOLA)

New Orleans is very racially segregated

field notes

Notes that describe what has been observed, heard, or otherwise experienced in a participant observation study. These notes usually are written after the observational session.

Historical Materialism

Our place in the material world is based on the fact that appropriate social conditions must exist before our ideas and activities can affect it or be affected by individuals. The premise of Historical Materialism is to understand the conditions of today in the material world are a product of the inequality and conflict of past transgressions.

What is POET in sociology?

Population, Technology, Organization/Affluence -Cultural Systems -Social Systems -Personality Systems

What are two Sanctions/Feedback?

Positive feedback/Negative Feedback

What are some components of culture:

Principles, values, beliefs, traditions, religion, language, clothing, customs, food, music, economic systems, norms of politeness, Etc. Values: ideas held by individuals or groups about what is good or bad. Beliefs: what is real and what isn't Norms: folkway, mores (laws), taboos

What is the difference between Probabilistic Science and Deterministic Science?

Probabilistic science deals with phenomena that involve inherent uncertainty and randomness. It focuses on describing and predicting outcomes based on probabilities or likelihoods rather than precise cause-and-effect relationships. Examples include quantum mechanics and statistical analysis in social sciences. Deterministic science, on the other hand, seeks to explain phenomena based on cause-and-effect relationships that can be precisely determined. It assumes that if the initial conditions are known, the outcome can be predicted with certainty. Classical physics is an example of a deterministic science, where precise laws and equations govern the behavior of objects.

What are the other Social Sciences?

Psychology, Geography, Economics, Political Science, History, Anthropology, and Communications Studies

close-ended questions

Questions that can be answered in short or single word responses.

What is Cultural relativism?

Recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative.

What is Anthropocentrism?

Regarding humankind as the central or most important element of existence, especially as opposed to God or animals.

Sociologist Herbert Gans, in a critical essay (1971)

Reviewed the functions of poverty for society. The poor, for example, do our "dirty work," filling the menial, low-wage jobs that are necessary to keep society running smoothly but that others refuse to do.

"Place in question everything that seems unquestionable." Who is this quote by?

Schutz (1962)

Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)

She examined social class, religion, suicide, national character, domestic relations, women's status, criminology and interrelations between institutions and individuals. She was also the first "public social philosopher" in which she wrote articles about social philosophy for the "common folk"

Define cultural turn.

Significant shift in various academic disciplines, particularly the social sciences and humanities, towards placing greater emphasis on the role of culture in shaping society and human behavior. It represents a departure from previous approaches that predominantly focused on economic, political, or structural factors. -Tool Kit -Template for living

Social Structures can include?

Social Institutions: Family, religion, politics, economics, education Social Groups: Primary groups & Secondary groups Organizations: Formal Organization

What is the Queer Theory?

Social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

What are the topics Macro-Micro Continuum?

Society, Culture, Social Institutions, Social Inequality, Groups, Roles, Socialization, Interaction, Self

Sociological imagination is

Sociological Vision that is a way of looking at the world to see connections between private problems/situations of an individual against how they are influenced by larger social dynamics. This definition came from C.W. Mills (important social issues).

Newman 2000s quote

Sociological perspectives are like the photographer's lenses, giving us different ways of looking at a common subject.

Auguste Comte coined the term?

Sociology (in 1838 to describe a new way of looking at society.)

Define the Macro-Micro Continuum.

Sociology covers a wide range of topics at different level of analysis which is broken down into a descending list.

Identify the elements that are associated with Émile Durkheim's functionalist theoretical perspective.

Solidarity and Positivist Sociology while incorrect answers are social dynamics of very small groups and criticism of the ideas of Auguste Comte

Peter Berger (1963) describes the kind of person who becomes a sociologist as?

Someone with a passionate interest in the world of human affairs, someone who is intense, curious, and daring in the pursuit of knowledge.

Theory of Evolution

States that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.

Define Industrial Logic.

Stores are open to make a profit and exist on that reason. Without profit, the store will fail and shutdown. Profits are generated by allocating resources to technology and labor depending on supply/competition/markets. Negative Externalities of production are kept separate from profit-loss accounts.

What is the difference between Structural Functionalism and Social-Conflict Theories?

Structural Functionalism is how societies are held together as opposed to Social Conflict see how things change within a society.

What are the three main Theoretical Foundations of Sociology?

Structure Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactions.

What are the three main functions of the environment?

Supply Depot, Waste Repository, and Living Space

Blumer is credited with continuing Mead's life's work. What Theory of Sociology did he focus on and explain what it is?

Symbolic interactionism proposes that social facts exist only because we create and re-create them through our interactions; this gives the theory wide explanatory power and a versatility that allows it to address any sociological issue. Although symbolic interactionism is focused on how self and society develop through interaction with others, it is useful in explaining and analyzing a wide variety of specific social issues, from inequalities of race and gender to the group dynamics of families or co-workers.

Define Language (Sociology)

System of communication through speech, which is a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning. Language influences our perseption of the world.

What can be said about terms?

Terms can have multiple definitions that have similar meaning with different complexities.

What are the commonalities among theories?

Testable, Falsifiable, Generalizable, and Probabilistic

How did Durkheim, Emile separate labor?

The Division of Labor in Society (1893) classified into mechanical and organic solidarity.

What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?

The Sociological Imagination enables us to connect our personal experience with the larger forces of history.

W.I. Thomas (1863-1947) was interested in how people create a definition of the situation through their interactions. What did he propose?

The Thomas Theorem.

Define Praxis.

The application of theory to practical action in an effort to improve aspects of society.

Labeling Theory

The belief that individuals subconsciously notice how others see or label them, and their reactions to those labels over time form the basis of their self-identity

What is Ethnocentrism?

The belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.

Define representativeness

The degree to which characteristics of the sample correspond to the characteristics of the population from which the sample was chosen

What is the IPAT model referred to as?

The ecological complex

Structural Functionalism is?

The effort to impute as rigorously as possible, to each feature, custom, or practice, its effect on the functioning of a supposedly stable, cohesive system. This theory views society similar to a Organicism (Herber Spencer)

What Three Principle Elements did Charles propose?

The imagination of our appearance to the other person; the imagination of his judgement of that appearance, self-feeling, such as pride or mortification of that imagination.

Dialectical Materialism

The reality that views matter as a sole subject of change and all changes is credited towards the constant conflict. There are people that have power and resources as opposed to others who don't which brings up the question who should have access over materialistic wellbeing? Focus is on inequality.

What is Sociology?

The science of society, social institutions, and social relationships; specifically: the systematic study of the development, structure, interaction, and collective behavior of organized groups of human beings (Merriam Webster Definition)

Define the Bourgeoisies.

The social class that, according to Karl Marx, owns the means of producing wealth and is regarded as exploiting the working class which is the middle class.

Cultural Diversity?

The state of having a variety of cultures in the same area: Subculture and Countercultures.

Social Conflict Perspective is known as?

The struggle for power. Through conflict, society remains dynamic and ever changing, a society that is unchanging is stagnant. This critiques the Industrial Logic.

What is the Scientific method?

The systematic process of asking and answering questions in a rigorous an unbiased way.

What is the Theory of Gravity?

The theory that any two particles of matter attract one another with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Romantic Love and Practical Knowledge vs. Scientific Knowledge

These are examples of how sociology helps us understand the social world.

Manifest Functions are?

These are intended functions such as education which is to teach core subjects to students.

Latent Functions are?

These are unintended functions. An example using education again would be things that aren't apart of the curriculum.

Living Space, Supply Depot, and Waste Repository all do what?

They all compete with each other and they become greater outside the range of sustainability.

True or false? Is marijuana use equal between blacks and whites?

True, while black people are 4 times more likely to be arrested.

How often do black people get pulled due to what studies show?

Twice as likely.

Concentration of Capital means?

Under capitalism, owners constantly become workers, ending up with fewer capitalists with more wealth and more workers with less wealth. Because of this capitalists are scared.

An example of literature that take a micro-sociological approach is?

Victoria Leto DeFrancisco's article "The Sounds of Silence: How Men Silence Women in Marital Relations" (1991)

Mechanical Solidarity (Durkheim)

We are drawn to others in a community based on the similarities we have such as common values and alike characteristics.

Zen Sociologist, Bernard McGrane suggest what about sociology?

We can actually "do" it instead of studying about it.

Structural Functional theory asks...?

What are the different functions of society? Education Serves a function. Marriage serves a functions. Politics serve a function.

Postmodernism is?

a breakdown of old certainties and standards due to modernity.

deductive approach

a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

inductive approach

a research approach that starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory

participant observation

a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

Intervening variable

a third variable, sometimes overlooked, that explains the relationship between two other variables

What is a paradigm?

an accepted set of theories, procedures, and assumptions about how researchers look at the world

spurious correlation

an apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by some other variable

What did the word Sociology derive from?

derived from latin Socius - Companion ology - Study Of

Modernism is?

is a paradigm that places trust in the power of science and technology to create progress, solve problems, and improve life.

Define focus group

method of attaining information about a target group; small group who talk about the beliefs, opinions, problems; contributes attitudinal data

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

double barrled questions

questions that attempt to get at multiple issues at once, and so tend to receive incomplete or confusing answers

leading questions

questions that predispose a respondent to answer in a certain way

Autoethnography

research method where writers examine their own life experiences to discover broader cultural insights

simple random

sampling design in which each set of n elements in the population has an equal chance of selection

What is the sociological perspective?

taking a sociological approach or thinking sociologically. In other words looking at the world in a unique way.

population

the entire group about which the investigator wants to draw conclusions and make generalization

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Culture Shock?

the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes.

response rate

the percentage of people contacted who complete the questionnaire

Define ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

What is the Theory of Dual Consciousness?

the struggle African Americans face to remain true to black culture while at the same time conforming to the dominant white society.

Define environmental sociology.

the study of community in the largest possible sense -people, other animals, land, water, air -- all of these things are interconnected = ecosystem -emphasis on understanding the origins of, and proposing solutions to social and biophysical conflicts -the study of the intersection of natural and human communities

Grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss, 1967)

to develop a theory ("grounded" in observation) about a phenomenon of interest

Who was Auguste Comte (1798-1857) and what did he do?

was the first to provide a program for the scientific study of society, or a "social physics", as he labeled it. Comte, a French Scientist, developed a theory of the progress of human thinking from its early theological and metaphysical stages toward a final "positive," or scientific, stage. (Auguste Comte took part in Positivism) seeks to identify laws that describe the behavior of a particular reality, such as the laws of mathematics and physics, in which people gain knowledge of the world directly through their senses. He also coined the term sociology.

Define Culture clash.

when two different cultures "clash" on land and fight for which culture is "right"