Sociology, Chapter 3
Material culture
____ is the physical objects that people make, use and share
Ideal, Real
_____ culture is the beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold and _____ culture are a society's actual everyday behaviors.
Society
_____ is a group of people who share a culture and defined territory.
Language
_____ is a system of shared symbols.
Culture
_____ is defined as learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.
Rituals
Formal and repeated behaviors that unite people
Counterculture
A _____ is a group or category of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society.
Feminist
Scholars drawing on the _______ perspective emphasize how gender can lead to women experiencing culture differently than their male counterparts.
Diffusion, Invention/Innovation, Discovery, External Pressures
Some of the major reasons for cultural change include _____, _______ ,_______, and _______.
Mass media
The _____ includes forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people
Symbol
The building blocks of culture include _____, or anything that stands for something else, and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.
Cultural lag
When some parts of culture change more rapidly than others, it is referred to as _________. This describes the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture.
Non-material culture
____ is the ideas that people create to interpret and understand the world.
Cultural universals
_____ are customs and practices that are common to all societies.
Cultural capital
_____ are resources such as knowledge, verbal and social sills, education, and other assets that give a group advantages
Taboo
_____ are strong prohibitions of any act that is forbidden because its considered to be extremely offensive.
High culture
_____ is the cultural expression of a society's highest social classes
Culture shock
_____ is the state of confusion and uncertainty that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment.
Cultural imperialism
_____ is when the cultural values and products of one nation influence or dominate those of another country
Popular culture
_____ refers to the beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life.
Multiculturalism, Cultural pluralism
_____ refers to the coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another. Sometimes referred to as _______.
Mores
______ are norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior.
Laws
______ are rigid norms strictly enforced by society.
Folkways
______ are rules members of society see as important, but are not seen as critical. They are norms that involves everyday customs, practices, and interaction
Values
______ are standards that provide general guidelines for behavior. They define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, desirable or undesirable, beautiful or ugly.
Ethnocentrism
______ is the belief that one's culture and way of life are superior to those of other groups. This attitude leads people to view other cultures as inferior, wrong, backward, immoral, or barbaric.
Cultural relativism
______ refers to recognizing that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.
Norms
______ represent a particular society's rules for right and wrong behavior.
Functionalist
______ view culture in terms of its role in social integration. The perspective focuses on showing that similar norms and values create solidarity and stability in a culture
Sanctions
_______ are rewards for good or appropriate behavior, and punishment for bad or inappropriate behavior.
Cultural integration
_______ is the consistency of various aspects of society, and promotes order and stability.
Symbolic Interactionist
_________ focus on how people interpret culture, transmit norms, and values through social interaction. They point out that cultural norms help people merge into a society despite their differences.
Conflict theorists
__________ argue that U.S. culture and others suffer from widespread inequality. They point out that as the powerful monopolize cultural resources, inequality increases.