Sociology Chapter 4
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
Functionalist
__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
Conflict
__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
Industrial societies
__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
Role ambiguity
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
dramaturgical analysis
According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?
ethnomethodologists
Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.
face-saving behavior
Which of these is an example of an achieved status?
husband
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.
role conflict
Recent research indicated that female student athletes have their own ways of dealing with "female/athlete paradox" which is an example of ____________.
role conflict
____________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
role distancing
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.
social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
social marginality
__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
Functionalist
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
civil inattention
___________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
conflict
From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
conflict
__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
Social solidarity
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.
What holds societies together?
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
a sociology class
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.
secondary
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
social construction of reality
A ___________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
social institution
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.
social institutions
Which of these statements about social networks is false?
social networks work equally well for people of all social classes
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.
social script
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.
status set
Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________.
status symbols
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of ___________.
statuses
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.
stigmas
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in ____________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
studied nonobservance
Which of theses is the best example of a primary group?
the people working together in the same department
Which of these is not generally considered a component of social structure?
values and beliefs
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.
front stage
____________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
functionalists
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
homeless
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.
interaction order
Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?
interactions are emotion-based
All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________.
it is not essential for individual well-being
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.
macro view
At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
macrolevel
Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.
master
One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status.
master
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.
more common for women than for men
What do most men consider to be their master status?
occupation
The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
organic solidarity
____________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
primary groups
All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.
require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.
role
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.
role ambiguity
When ____________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
role conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.
role distancing
__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
role exit
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
role performance
Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _________.
role strain
Martial inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to ______________ for both men and women.
role strain
A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.
achieved
A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
ascribed
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.
ascribed
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
definition of the situation
