Sociology Chapter 6

_____ is/are the violation of a norm that has been codified into law.

Crime

Mark ALL of the following that are acts of deviance.

a. driving faster than the posted speed limit b. texting friends while in the middle of class c. yelling at your spouse in a movie theater d. grocery shopping in bare feet

The tendency of individuals to age out of crime over their life course is known as

aging out.

the death penalty. (172)

capital punishment

The death penalty is also known as

capital punishment.

Which sociological theory would agree with the following statement: "Deviance is defined by the powerful, and the behaviors of the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized than the behaviors of the powerful"?

conflict theory

a violation of a norm that has been codified into law. (169)

crime

a collection of social institutions, such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons, that create and enforce laws. (172)

criminal justice system

the use of electronic media (web pages, social networking sites, e-mail, instant messengers, and cell phones) to tease, harass, threaten, or humiliate someone. (166)

cyberbullying

A person who posts rumors about a classmate's sexual activity on his or her Facebook page would be committing

cyberbullying.

The approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes is called

deterrence

an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes. (171)

deterrence

a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction. (153)

deviance

process by which an individual self-identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process. (163)

deviance avowal

Members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) first introduce themselves at AA meetings with their name and the proclamation that they are "an alcoholic." These AA members are exhibiting

deviance avowal.

Aubrey's mother says to her: "I don't want you to hang around with Michelle. She's going to be a bad influence on you." Aubrey's mother may not know it, but she's subscribing to which theory?

differential association theory

Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers. (158)

differential association theory

Property crimes

do not involve violence.

Sociologist Jack Katz studied deviance in terms of the deviant's own in-the-moment experience of committing the act. He referred to this as the _____ of deviance.

foreground

The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) is a group that promotes fair and accurate representation of gay people in the media. This group embraces _____ and rejects the standards that label gay people as deviant.

in-group orientation

among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgments or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity. (162)

in-group orientation

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them. (172)

incapacitation

Annie Duke is a professional poker player. She is very successful and earns a lot of money from gambling. According to Robert Merton's typology, Annie would be classified as a/an

innovator

individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them. (157)

innovators

Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments, or labels, that modify the individual's self-concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person. (159)

labeling theory

The question of how deviant identities are created and sustained is best addressed by which theory?

labeling theory

crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. (170)

violent crime

What is deviance?

when a person looks, behaves, or believes in some way that goes against what is considered to be a norm

crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation. (170)

white collar crime

Bribes, tax fraud, and insider trading are all examples of

white-collar crimes.

Differential Association Theory

Deviance is learned from friends.

Structural Strain Theory

Deviance is the result of frustration from not being able to meet goals.

Labeling Theory

Deviance is the result of reactions of others.

Which theory best explains Jacob's problem with recurring deviant behavior at school? When he was in first grade, he got in a fight on the playground. His teacher put a note in his "permanent file" saying he was a trouble maker. When he went to second grade, the teacher separated him from the other children on the first day of school. This made him mad, and he yelled at his teacher.

Labeling Theory

A Padaung woman who uses brass rings to stretch her neck illustrates what about deviance?

The definition of deviance is relative and varies according to culture.

There are times when deviance is considered positive. True or false?

True

an official measure of crime in the United States, produced by the FBI's official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies. (169)

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

according to Howard Becker, those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from "normal" society. (163)

outsiders

presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to. (162)

passing

stealing minor items in small amounts, often again and again. (169)

pilfering

actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic. (172)

positive deviance

Rosa Parks broke a law by refusing to give up her seat on a bus for a white man. Ultimately, this act was a pivotal moment in the launch of the civil rights movement. Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus is an example of

positive deviance.

in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant. (160)

primary deviance

crimes that did not involve violence, including burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. (170)

property crime

individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary) goals using new means. (157)

rebels

an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty. (172)

rehabilitation

an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal. (172)

retribution

individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means. (157)

ritualists

in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant. (160)

secondary deviance

Eddie became sick and missed a week of school. He failed a test when he came back and his friends called him stupid. He was so upset that he didn't want to go back to school, so he skipped several more classes. Because of all the classes he missed, his teachers said that he wasn't a good student, so he decided to drop out of school. What concept best describes what happened in this scenario?

self-fulfilling prophecy

an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate; a prediction that causes itself to come true. (160)

self-fulfilling prophecy

the formal and informal mechanisms used to increase conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion. (158)

social control

When sociologists refer to an act as deviant, they are making a _____ judgment, not a _____ judgment.

social; moral

Erving Goffman's term for any physical or social attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction. (161)

stigma

Which perspective describes Julia's perspective about deviance? She says to a friend: "Those people are so weird! But, without seeing them, how would we know that we're normal?"

structural functionalism

The "Into the Future" box focuses on Dr. Chauntelle Tibbals, a sociological researcher who focuses on pornography. Her research (as well as other pornography research) will "likely make its way into public debates in the future, which means that society will have to expand its sense of what is 'normal' to include things that had in the past been framed as dangerous and deviant." This conclusion best illustrates which theoretical perspective?

symbolic interactionism

According to the text, which of the following types of people typically commit the highest rates of crimes?

teenagers

redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon. (160)

tertiary deviance