sociology chapter 7 DEVIANCE/CRIME/SOCIAL CONTROL

Robert Mertens five ways people respond to the gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it: ritualism

people who ritualize lower their goals until they can reach them through socially acceptable ways these members of society focus on Conformity rather than attaining a distant dream

What are the three branches of the US Criminal Justice system

police courts corrections system

Sykes and Matza's 5 Techniques of Neutralization:

1. Denial of responsibility 2. Denial of injury 3. Denial of the victim 4. Condemnation of the condemners 5. Appeal to higher loyalties ​

Travis Hirschi control theory: 4 types of social bonds that connect people to society

1. attachment 2.commitment 3.levels of involvement 4.belief

what's the difference between jail and prison

A jail provides temporary confinement usually while an individual waste trial or parole prisons are facilities built for individuals serving sentences for more than a year jails are small and local prisons are large and run by you do the state or federal government while incarcerated people having different levels of freedom and opportunity for engagement some inmates have options to take classes play organized sports and otherwise enriched themselves usually with the goal of improving their lives upon release Other incarcerated people have very limited opportunities usually these distinctions are based on the severity of their crimes and their behavior once in prison but available resources and funding can be a significant factor

what is deviance?

a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms whether its folkways(learned behavior shared by a social group) Mores(moral norms or customs that come from accepted practices) or codified law. example: deviant can be as minor is picking your nose in public or is major as committing murder although the word deviance has a negative connotation in everyday language sociologists recognize that deviance is not necessarily bad.

primary deviance

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual self-image or interactions with others

Travis Hirschi four types of social bonds that connect people to society: levels of involvement

participation and socially legitimate activities less than a person is likelihood of deviance a child who plays Little League baseball and takes art classes has fewer opportunities to

what are the aspects of sanctions?

can be positive or negative both types of sanctions positive and negative play a role in social control.

federal officers

can only deal with matters that are explicitly within the power of the federal government and their field of expertise is usually now

Sutherland proposition 5 : how deviance is learned

people begin to accept and participate in a behavior after learning whether it is viewed as favorable by those around them

which of the following is an example of a corporate crime a embezzlement B larceny C assault D Burglary

a embezzlement

Robert Merton's five ways people respond to this gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it :Rebellion

a handful of people rebel and replace the society's goals and means with their own. example: terrorists or Freedom Fighters look to overthrow a society's goals through socially unacceptable means

Master status

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

State Court

They burying in their structure but generally include pre-levels trial courts a pellet quartz State Supreme Court In contrast to the large courtroom trials and TV shows most non-criminal cases are decided by a judge without a jury present traffic court and small Queens Court are both types of trial courts that handles specific civil matters

Robert Samsung and Byron Groves view on social disorganization:

They found that poverty and family disruption and given localities how to strong positive correlation with social disorganization They also determined that social disorganization was interned associated with high rates of crime and delinquency or events. recent studies Samsung conducted with Lydia being revealed similar findings high rates of poverty and single parent homes correlated with high rates of juvenile violence.

local or county police

They have eliminated jurisdiction with authority only in the town or county in which they serve

social disorganization Theory points to Broad social factors as the cause of deviance:

a person isn't born if someone who will commit crimes but becomes one over time often based on factors in their social environment

C. Wright Mills: the Power Elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources wealthy Executives politicians celebrities and military leaders often had access to National and international power and in some cases their decisions affect everyone in society because of this the rules of society are stacked in favor of a privileged few who manipulate them to stay on top it is these people who decide what is criminal and what is not and the effects are often felt most by those who have little power. ​

police

a civil force in charge of enforcing laws and public order at a federal state or community level. no unified national police force exists in the United States although there are federal law enforcement officers federal officers operate under specific government agencies such as the FBI the ATF the DHS

self report study

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews 160,000 ppl are ask about the frequency and types of crime they've experienced in their daily lives

five techniques of neutralization : the denial of the victim

if there is no victim there's no crying in this technique the person sees their actions is Justified or that the victim deserved it our employee may look at their situation and say I've worked here for years without a raise I was old that money and if you don't give it to me I'll get it my own way.

Robert Mortons functionalist view: Strain Theory

agreed with durkheim that deviance is an inherited part of a functioning Society but expanded on dirkham's ideas by developing string theory. String Theory notes that access to socially acceptable goals plays a part in determining whether a person conforms or deviates for example from birth were encouraged to achieve the American dream of financial success a person who attends Business School receives an MBA and goes on to make a million dollar income as CEO of a company is said to be a success however not everyone in our society stands on equal footing that NBA turned CEO may have grown up in the best school district and had means to hire tutors another person may grow up in a neighborhood with lower quality schools and may not be able to pay for extra help a person may have the socially acceptable goal of financial success but lack of social acceptable way to reach that goal according to Martin's Theory and entrepreneur who can't afford to launch their own company maybe tempted to embezzle from their employer for startup funds Burton defined five ways to respond to this Gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it: 1.conformity 2.innovation 3.ritualism 4.retreatism 5.rebellion

NCBS survey format

allows people to more openly discuss their experiences and also provide some more detail to examination of crimes which may include information about consequences relationship between victim and criminal the substance abuse involved. ​

violent crimes

also known as crimes against a person are based on the use of force or the threat of force rape murder and armed robbery fall under this category

informal sanctions:

although shoplifting a form of social deviance may be illegal there are no laws dictating the proper way to scratch your nose that doesn't mean picking your nose in public won't be punished instead you will encounter informal sanctions informal sanctions emerge in face-to-face social interactions for example wearing flip flops to an opera or swearing loudly in church May draw disapproving looks or even verbal reprimands where his behavior that is seen as positive such as helping an elderly person carry grocery bags across the street you may receive positive informal reactions such as a smile or a pat on the back

Travis Hirschi four types of social bonds that connect people to society :belief

an agreement on common values and Society if a person views social values is beliefs they will conform to them an environmentalist is more likely to pick up trash in a part because the clean environment is a social value to them

what is social order?

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. example: think of social order as an employee handbook and social control as a manager when a worker violates the workplace guideline the manager steps into enforce the rules when an employee is doing an exceptionally good job at following the rules the manager May praise or promote the employee.

what is a criminal justice system

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code there are three branches of the US criminal justice system

criminal cases

are heard by trial courts with general jurisdictions usually a judge injury or both prophet it's the jury's responsibility to determine guilt and the judges responsibility to determine the penalty Bo in some states the jury may also decide to penalty unless it dependent is found not guilty any member of the prosecution or defense whichever is the losing side can appeal the case to a higher court In some states the case then goes to a special appellate court In others it goes to the highest state court often known as the State Supreme Court

Define positive sanctions?

are rewards given for conforming to Norms for example a promotion at work is a positive sanction for working hard.

developed by researchers at the University of Chicago: social disorganization Theory

asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control for example an individual who grows up in a poor neighborhood with high rates of drug use violence teenage delinquency and deprived parenting is more likely to become engaged in crime than an individual from a wealthy neighborhood with a good school system and families who are involved positively in the community.

hate crimes

attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics became official in the 1980s the majority of hate crimes are racially motivated but many are based on religious especially anti-semitic prejudice ​

which of the following is NOT a branch of the U.S criminal justice system? a. police b. the jury c. the courts d. t

b. the jury

karl Marx/ conflict theorist: an unequal system

believe that the general population was divided into two groups he labeled the wealthy who controlled the means of production and business the bourgeois. he labeled the workers who depended on the bird Joyce for employment and survival the proletariat. he believed that the wealthy centralized their positions of power

which theorist theorist studied the power Elite, and the influence they had over society? a. karl marx b. Carl Sagan c. Emile Durkheim D. c. wright mills

c. wright mills

corporate crime

crime committed by white collar workers in a business environment embezzlement insider trading and identity theft are all types of corporate crimes although these types of offenses rarely receive the same amount of media coverage and Street crimes they could be far more damaging financial fraud such as insurance scams Ponzi schemes and improper practices by Banks can devastate families who lose their savings or home

federal courts

deal with federal matters including trade disputes military justice and government lawsuits judges who preside over federal courts are selected by the President with the consent of Congress

functionalism/strain theory/Robert Merton

deviance comes from

symbolic interactionism/ control theory / Travis Hirschi

deviance comes from feelings of disconnection from society

Travis Hirschi: control theory

deviance comes from feelings of disconnection from society. ( social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society individuals who believe they are a part of a society are less likely to commit crimes against it.)

conflict theorist/ Karl Marx / Unequal System Theory:

deviance comes from inequalities and wealth and power that arise from the economic system

symbolic interactionist / Edwin Sutherland/ differential association theory :

deviance comes from learning and modeling deviant Behavior seen in other people close to the individual

conflict theorist / C. Wright Mills/ Power Elite Theory:

deviance comes from the ability of those in power to Define deviance in ways that maintain the status quo

symbolic interactionist / Edwin Lemert/ Labeling Theory:

deviance comes from the reaction of others particularly those and power who are able to determine label

Functionalist / university of Chicago researchers/ Social Dosorganization Theory:

deviance comes from weak social ties and a lack of social control Society has lost the ability to enforce Norms with some groups

Emile Durkheims functionalist view: the essential nature of deviance:

deviance is a necessary part of a successful Society. One Way deviance is functional is that it challenges people's present views. example: when black students across the United States participated in sit-ins doing the Civil Rights Movement they challenged society's Notions of segregation. -when deviance is punished it reaffirms currently Held social norms which also contributes to society. example: seeing the student given detention for skipping class reminds other high schoolers that playing hooky isn't allowed and that they too could get detention.

what's the difference between deviance and crime?

deviance is more encompassing term than crime meaning that it includes a range of activities some which are crimes and some which are not sociologist may study both with equal interest but as a whole society views crime is far more significant crime preoccupied several levels of government and it drives concerns among families and communities. DEVIANCE: considered relative. behaviors may be considered deviant based mostly on the circumstances in which they occurred those circumstances may drive the perception of deviance more than the behavior itself relatively minor acts of deviance can have long-term impacts on the person and the people around them for example if an adult who should know better spoke loudly or told jokes at a funeral they may be chastised and forever March as disrespectful or unusual but in many cultures funerals are followed by social Gatherings some taken on a party like atmosphere so those same jovial behaviors would be perfectly acceptable and even encourage just an hour later. the relativity of deviance can have significant societal impacts including perceptions and prosecutions of crime they may often be based on racial ethnic or related prejudices for example when 15-year-old Elizabeth eckford of the Little Rock Nine attempted to enter her legally desegregated high school she was abiding by the law but she was considered deviant by the crowd of white people that harassed and insulted her. ​

labeling theory of deviance

deviance results not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. as a result what's considered deviant changes over time and can vary significantly across cultures.

secondary deviance

deviance that occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

Alleys father was sent to prison when she was 12 for trafficking of narcotics; her brother was arrested when she was 13 for possession of methamphetamines. By the age of 18 Alley's been arrested 3 times for weed which theory describes Alleys experience? a. differential association theory b. strain theory c. labeling theory d. opaque theory

differential association theory

legal codes

every society has them they maintain formal social control through laws which are rules adopted and enforced by political Authority those who violate these rules incur negative formal sanctions normally punishments are relative to the degree of the crime and the importance to Society of the value underlining the law but there are other factors that influence criminal sentencing.

Symbolic Interactionism

if theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional

Sutherland proposition 6: how deviance is learned

improposition 6 Sutherland expressways that exposure to more definitions favoring the Deviant Behavior then those opposing it may eventually lead a person to partake in deviance applying almost a quantitative element to the learning of certain behaviors for example a young person may find sexual activity more acceptable once a certain number of their friends become sexually active not after only Sutherlands Theory May explain why crime is multi-generational a longitudinal study beginning in the 1960s found that the best predictor of antisocial and criminal behavior in children was whether their parents had been convicted of a crime children who were younger than 10 years old when their parents were convicted were more likely than other children to engage in spousal abuse and criminal Behavior by their early 30s even when taking socioeconomic factors such as dangerous neighborhoods poor school systems in overcrowded housing into consideration researchers found that parents were the main influence on the behavior of their offspring.

accurate public perception

inaccurate public perception of crime may be heightened by popular crime series such as Law and Order and by extensive and repeated media coverage of crime many researchers have found that people who closely follow media reports of crime are likely to estimate the crime rate as an accurately high and more likely to feel fearful about the chances of experiencing crime Recent research has also found that people who reported watching news coverage of 9/11 or the Boston Marathon bombing for more than an hour daily became more fearful of future terrorism

nonviolent crimes

involve the destruction or theft of property but do not use force or the threat of force because of this there are also sometimes called property crimes larcency car theft and vandalism are all types of non-violent crimes if you use a crowbar to break into a car you are committing a nonviolent crime if you mug someone with a crowbar you are committing a violent crime

the correction system

is charged with supervising individuals who have been arrested convicted and sentenced for a criminal offense Plus people detain while awaiting hearings trials or other procedures At the end of 2018 approximately 2.3 million people were incarcerated in the United States These include people who are in state and federal prisons as well as those in local jails or retail facilities as explained below since many convicted people are placed on probation or parole have their sentences deferred or otherwise altered or are released under circumstances the total number of people within the correction system is much higher in 2018 total number of people either incarcerated detained or parole or on probation was 6,410,000

what FACTORS, make deviant behavior?

location audience the individual committing the ACT example: listening to music on your phone on the way to class is considered acceptable behavior. listening to music doing your 2:00 p.m. sociology lecture is considered rude. listening to music when on the witness stand before a judge may cause you to be held in contempt of court and consequently fined or jailed. as Norms vary across cultures and time it also makes sense that Notions of deviance change 60 years ago public schools in the United States had dress codes that often banned women from wearing pants to class today it's socially acceptable for women to wear pants but less so for men to wear skirts and more recently the act of wearing or not wearing a mask became a matter of deviance and in some cases political affiliation and legality whether an act is deviant or not depends on society's response to the ACT. ​

conflict theory on the causes of crime and deviance:

looks to Social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance they do not see deviance as positive functions of society unlike functionalists they see them as evidence of inequality in the system. they also challenge the social disorganization Theory and control theory and are you that both ignore racial and socioeconomic issues and oversimplify social trends conflict there is also look for answers to the correlation of gender and race with wealth and crime. ​

county officer

may spend time responding to emergency calls work at the local jail or patrolling areas as needed whereas a federal officer would be more likely to investigate suspects in firearms trafficking or provide security for government officials

Travis Hirschi four types of social bonds that connect people to society: attachment

measures our connections to others when we are closely attached to people we worry about their opinions of us people conform to society's Norms in order to gain approval and prevent disapproval from family friends and romantic partners

Street crime

offensive committed by ordinary people against other people or organizations usually in public spaces

what is the structural functionalist perspective on deviance?

one of the positive contributions of deviance is that it Fosters social change for example doing the US Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks violated social norms when she refused to move to the black section of the bus and the Little Rock Nine broke customs of segregation to attend an Arkansas Public School.

Robert Burton's five ways people respond to the gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it: retreatism

others Retreat and reject society's goals and means some people who beg and people who are homeless have withdrawn from society's goal of financial success.

Define negative sanctions

our punishments for violating Norms being arrested is a punishment for shoplifting both types of sanctions play a role in social control.

what is parole

parole refers to a temporary release from prison or jail that requires supervision and consent of the officials for all those different from probation which is supervised time that use an alternative to prisons probation and parole can both follow a period of incarceration and prison especially if the prison sentences and shortened Most people need situations are supervised by correcting officers or other appropriate professionals including mental health professionals they attend regular meetings or accounts and sessions and maybe require to report on their activities and travel people on probation or parole often have strict guidelines not only Will they be returned to jail upon committing a crying but they may also be prohibited from associating with known criminals or suspects be strategies are designed to prevent people on parole or probation from returning to criminal engagements and to increase likelihood that they remain positive members of the community through interactions with family productive employment and mental health treatment of needed

symbolic interactionist Edwin lemert: two types of deviance that affect identity formation

primary deviance: a violation of norms that don't result in any long-term effects on the individual self-image or interactions with others example speeding is a deviant act but receiving a speeding ticket generally does not make others view you as a bad person nor does it alter your own self-concept individuals who engage in primary deviants still maintain a feeling of belonging and society and are likely to continue to conform to Norms in the future. secondary deviance: sometimes and more extreme cases primary deviance can morph into secondary deviance which occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society person may begin to take on and fulfill a role of a deviant as an act of rebellion against the society that has labeled that individual as such example a high school student who often Cuts class and gets into fights the student is reprimanded frequently by teachers and School staff and soon enough develops a reputation as a troublemaker as a result the student starts acting out even more and breaking more rules the student has adopted the Troublemaker label and embrace this deviant identity secondary deviance can be so strong that it bestows a master status on an individual a master status is a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual some people see themselves primarily as doctors artists or grandfathers others see themselves as Beggars convicts or addicts.

Travis Hirschi four types of social bonds that connect people to society:commitment

refers to the Investments we make in the community a well-respected local business person who volunteers at their synagogue and is a member of the neighborhood block organization has more to lose from committing a crime than a person who doesn't have a career or ties to the community

Emile Durkheim on law:

saw laws as an expression of the collective conscious which are the beliefs morals and attitudes of the society a crime is a crime because we condemn it. he discussed the impact of societal size and complexity is contributors to the collective conscience and development of Justice systems and punishments for example in large industrialized societies that were largely bound together by the interdependence of work the division of labor punishments for deviance were generally less severe and smaller more homogeneous societies deviance might be punished more severely.

5 techniques of neutralization: The denial of injury

sometimes people will look at a situation in terms of what effect it has on others example if the employee uses this technique they may say what's the big deal nobody got hurt your insurance will take care of it the person doesn't see their actions as a big deal because no one got hurt.

describe the functionalist view of deviance and Society

strain theory social disorganization theory cultural deviance theory

Edwin Sutherland: differential association theory

suggested that individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance. deviance is less of a personal choice and more a result of differential socialization process for example a young person whose friends are sexually active is more likely to view sexual activity as acceptable.

five techniques of neutralization: the condemnation of the condemners

the employee might turn it around on the bus by blaming them they may say something like you don't know my life you have no reason to judge me this is taking the focus off their actions and putting the one us on the accuser to essentially prove the person is living up to the label which also shifts The Narrative away from the Deviant Behavior.

the five techniques of neutralization appeal to a higher authority

the final technique that may be used is to claim the actions that were for a higher purpose example the employee may tell the boss that they stole the money because their mom is sick and needs medicine or something like that they are justifying their actions by making it seem as though the purpose for the behavior is a greater good then the action is bad. ​

what are sanctions?

the means of enforcing rules.

what is social control?

the regulation and enforcement of norms the underlining goal of social control is to maintain social order. example: think of social order as an employee handbook and social control as a manager when a worker violates the workplace guideline the manager steps into and force the rules when an employee is doing an exceptionally good job at following the rules the manager May praise or promote the employee.

Court

the system that has the authority to make decisions based on law The US Judas so system is divided into federal and state courts Once the crime is committed and a violator has been identified by the police the case goes to court

State Police

they have the authority to enforce Statewide laws including regulating traffic on highways

a disadvantage of ncvs survey format

they miss some groups of people such as those who don't have telephones and those who move frequently the quality of information may also be reduced by inaccurate victim recall of the crime

conflict theory on crime and social class

those in society who hold the power are also the ones who make the laws concerning crime in doing so they make the laws that will benefit them while the powerless classes who lack the resources to make such decisions suffer the consequences for example throughout the 1980s and 1990s States passed numerous laws increasing penalties especially for a repeat offenders the US government passed an even more significant law the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 known as the 1994 crime bill which further increase penalties funded prisons and incentivated law enforcement agencies to further pursue drug offenders an outcome of these policies was the mass incarceration of Black and Hispanic people which led to a cycle of poverty and reduced social Mobility the crack cocaine punishment disparity remained until 2010 when President Obama signed the fair sentencing act which decreased the disparity of 1 to 18.

Robert Merton: 5 ways people respond to the gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it: conformity

those who conform choose not to deviate they pursue their goals to the extent that they can through socially accepted means

Robert Burton's five ways people respond to the gap between having a socially accepted goal and having no socially accepted way to pursue it: innovation

those who innovate pursue goals they cannot reach through legitimate means by instead using criminal or deviant means

whats an example of how perceptions and proclamations of deviance been a means to oppress people by labeling their private behaviors Criminal? (the relationship between deviance and perception of crime)

until the 1970s and 1980s same-sex Acts were prohibited by state laws it was illegal to be gay or lesbian and the restrictions extended to simple displays like holding hands other laws prohibited clothing deemed inappropriate for one's biological sex as a result military service members and even War veterans were dishonorably discharged losing all benefits if they were discovered to be gay police arrest and humiliated LBGTQ people and regularly rated gay bars and anti lgbtq Street violence or hate crimes were tactically permitted because they were rarely prosecuted and often lightly punished while Most states had eliminated their anti-lgbtq laws by the time the Supreme Court struck them down in 2003 14 states still have some version of them on the books.

State courts

very inner structure but generally include three levels trial courts appellate courts State Supreme Court ​

Spell abuse is an example of a A street crime B corporate crime see violent crime D non-violent crime

violent crime

formal sanctions

ways to officially recognize and enforce Norm violations for example if the student violates a college code of conduct for example the student might be expelled someone who speaks inappropriately to the boss could be fired someone who commits a crime may be arrested or in prison on the positive side of soldier who saves a life may receive an official commendation.

five techniques of neutralization: the denial of responsibility

when someone doesn't take responsibility for their actions or blames others they may use this technique. example: say that it was their boss's fault because they don't get paid enough to make rent or because they're getting a divorce they are rejecting the label by denying responsibility for the action.

victimless crime

when the perpetrator is not explicitly harming another person as opposed to battery or theft which clearly have a victim a crime like drinking a beer when someone is 20 years old or selling in a sexual act do not result in injury to anyone other than the individual who engages in them although they illegal while some claim acts like these are victimless others argue that they actually do harm society example prostitution may foster abuse toward women by clients or pimps drug use may increase the likelihood of employee actions such debate highlight how the deviant and criminal nature of actions develop through ongoing public discussion.