Sociology CLEP
The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist
Auguste Comte
A sex ratio of 120 means that in a population that there are
120 males for every 100 females
Approximately what percent of the people in the United States live in metropolitan areas?
85%
Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the
Calvinist Doctrine of predestination
Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis of transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. What perspective is this?
Conflict
what allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?
Culture
What is an example of something that is not voluntary association
FBI
Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects ___ _____
False consciousness
Who was the Chicago School of Sociology influenced by
Herbert Spencer and Frederic Clements
In the world's economics system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries
High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income areas to obtain cheap labor
Tamara worked as a waitress for five years after high school before she went to college. After college, Tamara got a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. This best exemplifies what?
Intragenerational mobility
What theorist argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
Karl Mannheim
Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
Merton's strain theory
The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?
Neighborhood social institution were ineffective at preventing crime.
Where did the Chicago school of sociology study?
They studied urban neighborhoods in the city of Chicago
What sociologist asserted that race is the most serious problem in the United States?
W.E.B Du Bois
Compared to the United States population ing general, Asian Americans have
a higher level of formal educational achievement
What is most likely to be an agent of involuntary resocialization
a total institucion
A school system teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of
accomidation
A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as
an aggregate
According to Emile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
anomie
Sandra is female, she is African American, she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's _____
ascribed status
The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called
assimilation
How are primary groups characterized?
by face-face-relationships
According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be what?
content analysis
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the
desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict
In structural functionalism, what term refers to something that has detrimental effect on social institutions or society?
dysfunction
an example of a folkway in American society is
eating a sandwich for lunch
According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
economic
The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called
ethnocentrism
What did the Chicago School of Sociology use for their research
ethnography and field methods
Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the
experimental group
Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to
explain the subjunctive believes that motivate people to act
Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?
field resesarch
the claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial for human living is an example of
functionalism
Sociological studies of gender socialization show that "what" occurs in schools?
girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers
Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that
goods are produced for profit, and the great market determines what is produced and at what price
In the United States, economic growth between 1985 and 2005 resulted in
growth in the gap between rich and poor
What society is least differentiated?
hunting and gathering
What is the importance of primary groups?
important source of social support
Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in
impression manegement
Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy
industrial
in order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that
is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information
a characteristic of a triad is that it
is pone to a coalition formation
The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a
latent dysfunction of desegreation
name three norms
laws, Folkways, Mores
Demographic transition theory explains population changes by
linking population changes to technological development
Most of the funding for public schools int eh United States comes from
local property taxes
Voter turnout in the United States is _____ than most European countries
lower
According to Emile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its
mechanical solidarity
In the study of social class, a sociologist would be least likely to focus on
motivation
What do primary groups influence?
personality development
What term refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation
positivism
According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
rational-legal authority
Mrs. Jones has parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. mrs. jones will have to decide how to juggle contradictory exceptions of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as
role conflict
in Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Geminschaft to
see others as means of advancing their own individual goals
What is the size of a primary group
small
What is best described as an organization sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
social institution
What is this? "They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful"
social normals for the structure of mariage
The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as
socialization
The term "SMSA" is used in the United States census refers to a
standard metropolitan statistical area
Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are
status, class, power
Communities that form adjacent to central cities are called
suburbs
What distinguishes a crime from a deviant act
the definition of the act as a criminal by a political entity
Cooley called a person's self conception based on the responses of others
the looking glass self
Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by
the predominance of knowledge-based service industries
Socialization takes place
throughout the lifecycle
When was the Chicago School of Sociology's research most influential
twentieth century
In general , females perform better than males do on tests of ______
verbal ability
Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in
virtually every known human society
Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of what function of the family?
Economic Production
Within the scientific perspective, what is the most important source of knowledge
Empiricism and reason