Sociology CLEP

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist

Auguste Comte

A sex ratio of 120 means that in a population that there are

120 males for every 100 females

Approximately what percent of the people in the United States live in metropolitan areas?

85%

Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the

Calvinist Doctrine of predestination

Some sociologists view the family as an economic unit that contributes to social injustice because it is the basis of transferring power, property, and privilege from one generation to the next. What perspective is this?

Conflict

what allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

Culture

What is an example of something that is not voluntary association

FBI

Ken works on an assembly line in a paper factory in the midwestern United States. He believes if he works hard enough, he will become very wealthy. According to Karl Marx, Ken's belief reflects ___ _____

False consciousness

Who was the Chicago School of Sociology influenced by

Herbert Spencer and Frederic Clements

In the world's economics system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries

High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income areas to obtain cheap labor

Tamara worked as a waitress for five years after high school before she went to college. After college, Tamara got a job as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. This best exemplifies what?

Intragenerational mobility

What theorist argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

Karl Mannheim

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

Merton's strain theory

The early Chicago School researchers found that even though immigration changed the racial and ethnic composition of some areas of the city over time, the rates of crime in those areas remained relatively high. Which of the following interpretations of this finding is most consistent with the Chicago School's social disorganization perspective?

Neighborhood social institution were ineffective at preventing crime.

Where did the Chicago school of sociology study?

They studied urban neighborhoods in the city of Chicago

What sociologist asserted that race is the most serious problem in the United States?

W.E.B Du Bois

Compared to the United States population ing general, Asian Americans have

a higher level of formal educational achievement

What is most likely to be an agent of involuntary resocialization

a total institucion

A school system teaches children of different ethnic groups in the children's own language and about their own particular ethnic heritage illustrates a policy of

accomidation

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as

an aggregate

According to Emile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by

anomie

Sandra is female, she is African American, she is sixteen years of age. These three characteristics are examples of Sandra's _____

ascribed status

The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called

assimilation

How are primary groups characterized?

by face-face-relationships

According to sociological terminology, an analysis of the amount of violence in mass media, such as television shows, would be what?

content analysis

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the

desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

In structural functionalism, what term refers to something that has detrimental effect on social institutions or society?

dysfunction

an example of a folkway in American society is

eating a sandwich for lunch

According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily

economic

The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called

ethnocentrism

What did the Chicago School of Sociology use for their research

ethnography and field methods

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the

experimental group

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to

explain the subjunctive believes that motivate people to act

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?

field resesarch

the claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial for human living is an example of

functionalism

Sociological studies of gender socialization show that "what" occurs in schools?

girls are less likely than boys to receive attention from teachers

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that

goods are produced for profit, and the great market determines what is produced and at what price

In the United States, economic growth between 1985 and 2005 resulted in

growth in the gap between rich and poor

What society is least differentiated?

hunting and gathering

What is the importance of primary groups?

important source of social support

Joe is on trial for selling drugs. He looks very different from when he was arrested. He has washed, cut, and combed his hair, and is wearing a clean, conservative suit and tie at the trial. Joe is engaged in

impression manegement

Raw materials are processed and converted into finished goods in which sector of the economy

industrial

in order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that

is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information

a characteristic of a triad is that it

is pone to a coalition formation

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a

latent dysfunction of desegreation

name three norms

laws, Folkways, Mores

Demographic transition theory explains population changes by

linking population changes to technological development

Most of the funding for public schools int eh United States comes from

local property taxes

Voter turnout in the United States is _____ than most European countries

lower

According to Emile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its

mechanical solidarity

In the study of social class, a sociologist would be least likely to focus on

motivation

What do primary groups influence?

personality development

What term refers to a philosophical system under which knowledge of the world and human behavior is derived from scientific observation

positivism

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is

rational-legal authority

Mrs. Jones has parent-teacher meeting scheduled at the school where she teaches. The meeting is scheduled at the same time as her daughter's piano recital. mrs. jones will have to decide how to juggle contradictory exceptions of teacher and parent. This situation is referred to as

role conflict

in Gesellschaft, people are more likely than in Geminschaft to

see others as means of advancing their own individual goals

What is the size of a primary group

small

What is best described as an organization sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?

social institution

What is this? "They have frequently held polygyny as the societal ideal, although this pattern was functionally available to and practiced primarily by the most wealthy and powerful"

social normals for the structure of mariage

The process by which an individual learns how to live in his or her social surroundings is known as

socialization

The term "SMSA" is used in the United States census refers to a

standard metropolitan statistical area

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are

status, class, power

Communities that form adjacent to central cities are called

suburbs

What distinguishes a crime from a deviant act

the definition of the act as a criminal by a political entity

Cooley called a person's self conception based on the responses of others

the looking glass self

Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by

the predominance of knowledge-based service industries

Socialization takes place

throughout the lifecycle

When was the Chicago School of Sociology's research most influential

twentieth century

In general , females perform better than males do on tests of ______

verbal ability

Demographic patterns have clearly demonstrated that more males than females are born in

virtually every known human society

Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of what function of the family?

Economic Production

Within the scientific perspective, what is the most important source of knowledge

Empiricism and reason