Sociology Clep

Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?

Auguste Comet

The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist

Auguste Comte

What is the minimum population for a city to be classified a megacity?

10 million

Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the

Calvinist doctrine of predestination

Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?

Culture

In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?

High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor

Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?

Howard Becker

Which of the following can properly be considered norms?

I. Laws II. Folkways III. Mores

What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?

It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others. What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?

Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?

Karl Marx

Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?

Merton's strain theory

Marguerite recently moved to the United States from Spain for better economic opportunity. Her move is an example of

Voluntary migration

With which of the following statements would a sociologist adhering to the disengagement theory most likely disagree?

When workers retire, it means a loss of experienced labor for businesses

triad

a social group with three members

What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?

aggregate

A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as

an aggregate

According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by

anomie

The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called

assimilation

socialism

central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive correct

Groupthink

concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue

Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?

conflict

What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?

counterculture

This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of

culture diffusion

The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the

desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict

An example of a folkway in American society is

eating a sandwich for lunch

According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily

economic

he practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called

ethnocentrism

Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the

experimental group

Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to

explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act

Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?

field research

Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?

functional analysis

A society in which women have more wealth, privilege, and political power than men have is said to be experiencing which of the following?

gender stratification

Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that

goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price

Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?

hunting and gathering

In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that

is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information correct

The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a

latent dysfunction of desegregation

Demographic transition theory explains population changes by

linking population changes to technological development

Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.

lower, lower

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its

mechanical solidarity

In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?

mothers

involuntary resocialization

occurs against a person's wishes and generally takes place within a total institution

What is the basic formula of the Malthus theorem?

opulation grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically

According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is

rational-legal authority

Max Weber saw __________________ as the core reason for the shifts in characteristics of culture and societies over time.

religion

sect

religious organizations seeks to maintain exclusiveness, claims to represent the true faith, and is most likely to have split off from a larger religious group

Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?

social institution

Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?

status class power

The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of

structural functionalist

Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?

survey research

cultural competence

the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures

positivism

the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation

gender socialization

the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family

Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by

the predominance of knowledge-based service industries

intragenerational mobility

the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime

According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?

through a natural maturation process that shapes instinct

latent dysfunction

unintended, unanticipated disruptions to an existing social order

What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?

world system theory

Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of which of the following functions of the family?

Economic production