Sociology Clep
Which social scientist first proposed applying the scientific method to the social world, a practice known as positivism?
Auguste Comet
The term "sociology" was coined by its founder, the nineteenth-century positivist
Auguste Comte
What is the minimum population for a city to be classified a megacity?
10 million
Max Weber linked the emergence of capitalism to the
Calvinist doctrine of predestination
Which of the following allows human beings to adapt to diverse physical environments?
Culture
In the world's economic system, which of the following is true about the relationship between high-income countries and low-income countries?
High-income countries build manufacturing plants in low-income countries to obtain cheap labor
Who was the sociologist who described deviance this way: It is not the act itself but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant?
Howard Becker
Which of the following can properly be considered norms?
I. Laws II. Folkways III. Mores
What is the underlying principle of symbolic interactionism?
It analyzes how one's behavior depends on the way they define themselves and others. What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?
Which of the following theorists argued that class conflict was inevitable in a capitalistic society and would result in revolution?
Karl Marx
Which theory assumes that deviance occurs among individuals who are blocked from achieving socially approved goals by legitimate means?
Merton's strain theory
Marguerite recently moved to the United States from Spain for better economic opportunity. Her move is an example of
Voluntary migration
With which of the following statements would a sociologist adhering to the disengagement theory most likely disagree?
When workers retire, it means a loss of experienced labor for businesses
triad
a social group with three members
What term describes people who share the same physical space but do not see themselves as belonging together?
aggregate
A collection of people who happen to be walking down the street at the same time but who have nothing else in common is known as
an aggregate
According to Émile Durkheim, a society that lacks clear-cut norms to govern aspirations and moral conduct is characterized by
anomie
The process by which an immigrant or an ethnic minority is absorbed socially into a receiving society is called
assimilation
socialism
central planning, public ownership of the means of production, distribution without profit motive correct
Groupthink
concepts seeks a consensus of opinion, or group conformity, by taking a narrow view of an issue
Which sociological perspective views society as being composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources?
conflict
What term do sociologists use to describe a culture, in which their values and norms place it at odds with the dominant culture?
counterculture
This adoption of baseball by the Japanese is an example of
culture diffusion
The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that social order developed out of the
desire to escape a state of continuous social conflict
An example of a folkway in American society is
eating a sandwich for lunch
According to world-systems theory, the global system is primarily
economic
he practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture is called
ethnocentrism
Laura is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of caffeine on wakefulness. She gives half of her subjects a caffeinated beverage to drink. These subjects are the
experimental group
Max Weber's principle of verstehen was meant to
explain the subjective beliefs that motivate people to act
Nathan wants to study the behavior of city residents as they travel on the subway to work every day. What type of research would be most appropriate for Nathan's research project?
field research
Which theoretical perspective stresses that society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together harmoniously?
functional analysis
A society in which women have more wealth, privilege, and political power than men have is said to be experiencing which of the following?
gender stratification
Two basic premises that underlie capitalism are that
goods are produced for profit, and the free market determines what is produced and at what price
Which of the following types of societies is least differentiated?
hunting and gathering
In order for an occupation to be considered a profession by a sociologist, it must be an occupation that
is based on abstract knowledge and a body of specialized information correct
The increase in prejudice that sometimes resulted from court-ordered desegregation in public schools is a
latent dysfunction of desegregation
Demographic transition theory explains population changes by
linking population changes to technological development
Street crime has _______mortality costs and ______financial costs than white-collar crime.
lower, lower
endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category
According to Émile Durkheim, the more homogeneous a group the greater its
mechanical solidarity
In the United States, which family members are primarily responsible for what is known as the second shift?
mothers
involuntary resocialization
occurs against a person's wishes and generally takes place within a total institution
What is the basic formula of the Malthus theorem?
opulation grows geometrically while food supply grows arithmetically
According to Max Weber, authority derived from the understanding that individuals have clearly defined rights and duties to uphold and that they implement rules and procedures impersonally is
rational-legal authority
Max Weber saw __________________ as the core reason for the shifts in characteristics of culture and societies over time.
religion
sect
religious organizations seeks to maintain exclusiveness, claims to represent the true faith, and is most likely to have split off from a larger religious group
Which of the following is best described as an organized sphere of social life, or societal subsystem, designed to support important values and to meet human needs?
social institution
Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification are which of the following?
status class power
The claim that the division of labor based on gender has survived because it is beneficial and efficient for human living is an example of
structural functionalist
Which of the following relies most heavily on sampling methods?
survey research
cultural competence
the ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures
positivism
the belief that knowledge should be derived from scientific observation
gender socialization
the learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
Societies that are postindustrial are distinguished from industrial ones by
the predominance of knowledge-based service industries
intragenerational mobility
the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime
According to George Herbert Mead, how does a child learn to take the role of others?
through a natural maturation process that shapes instinct
latent dysfunction
unintended, unanticipated disruptions to an existing social order
What is the explanation of global stratification that includes core nations, semiperiphery nations, periphery nations, and external areas?
world system theory
Industrialization is most likely to reduce the importance of which of the following functions of the family?
Economic production