Sociology

Ascribed statuses are the result of personal effort and choice. True or False

False

Sociologist Erving Goffman suggested that demeanor is how we behave or conduct ourselves and that it is relative to social power. True or False

True

According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________. a.)ethnomethodology b.)dramaturgical analysis c.)impression management d.)presentational analysis

b.)dramaturgical analysis

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common. a.)aggregate b.)category c.)social group d.)primary group

a.)aggregate

Rebecca is a member of The Soulfuls, a music band in her college, and feels a sense of identity with her band members. Music Maestros is a music band of another college that frequently beats The Soulfuls in music competitions. As a result, Rebecca feels hostile toward the members of Music Maestros. In this context, The Soulfuls is an example of a(n) __________, whereas Music Maestros is an example of a(n) __________. a.)ingroup; outgroup b.)ingroup; reference group c.)reference group; primary group d.)outgroup; ingroup

a.)ingroup; outgroup

When Brittany took a job with a company after graduation, she made a point of reading the company handbook very closely. In doing so, Brittany was gaining insights about the _____ of the organization. a.)informal dimensions b.)formal dimensions c.)social dimensions d.)worker-generated dimensions

b.)formal dimensions

Anish, a 32-year-old, lives in an industrial society and works as an assembly-line worker at an automobile company. He and the other workers in the company perform highly specialized tasks, leading them to be dependent on each other. However, interaction among them is impersonal and status oriented. According to Durkheim, this type of social cohesion is called __________. a.)social reconstruction b.)organic solidarity c.)studied nonobservance d.)mechanical solidarity

b.)organic solidarity

__________ is most appropriate when a group is dealing with emotional issues and high morale is needed. a.)Functional leadership b.)Relational leadership c.)Expressive leadership d.)Instrumental leadership

c.)Expressive leadership

Sociologist __________ suggested that small groups have distinctive interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups. a.)Max Weber b.)Herbert Spencer c.)Georg Simmel d.)Emile Durkheim

c.)Georg Simmel

Which of the following questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? a.)Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? b.)How does a society maintain order and stability? c.)How do we know how to interact in a given situation? d.)What is the economic structure of society?

c.)How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Jack and Carol are in a meeting at work, and Carol notices that Jack tends to lean forward when men are speaking but leans back and looks away when women are speaking. Jack maintains that he pays equal attention to male and female speakers, but Carol finds his _____ communication more persuasive. a.) authentic b.) idiosyncratic c.)nonverbal d.)incidental

c.)nonverbal

Damian is devoted to heavy metal music to the extent that he dresses like, often behaves like, and wants to be like the members of his favorite bands. Those bands are best described as Damian's a.)primary group. b.)secondary group. c.)reference group. d.)attribution group.

c.)reference group.

Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________. a.)cliques b.)labels c.)statuses d.)classes

c.)statuses

Which of the following statements about social networks is false? a.)Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups. b.)Social networks link individuals to others. c.)Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people. d.)Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

d.)Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

In which of the following is Durkheim most interested? a.)How society changes b.)The ways that interaction creates innovation c.)The role of power in shaping society d.)The ways society is held together

d.)The ways society is held together

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem. Some group members believe that the solution will lead to negative results. However, instead of discussing their concerns, they decide not to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. In this case, the group has experienced __________. a.)the iron law of oligarchy b.)a self-fulfilling prophecy c.)collective unconsciousness d.)groupthink

d.)groupthink

Mike belongs to a college fraternity and tends to see his fellow students as either "like us" and part of the fraternity and sorority system or "not like us" and thus not a part of the system. Mike therefore sees himself as being part of the a.)out-group b.)instrumental group c.)reference group d.)in-group

d.)in-group

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles. a.)role ambiguity b.)role strain c.)role performance d.)role conflict

d.)role conflict

After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that: a.)obedience to authority may be more common than many people would like to believe. b.)groups wield very little power with respect to compliance. c.)the size of a group has little influence on the extent to which individuals respond to group pressure. d.)the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure.

d.)the degree of social cohesion felt by participants is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure.

Certain gatherings are not groups in the strict sociological sense but may be social categories (e.g., teenagers or truck drivers) or audiences (e.g., everyone watching a movie). True or False

True

Fiona is a 6-year-old girl who attends playschool. Her network will consist of her friends and her family, her teachers, her peers, everyone she knows of, and everyone who knows of her. True or False

True

In the context of sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective on stability and change in societies, __________ refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. a.)mechanical solidarity b.)organic solidarity c.)studied nonobservance d.)social constructionism

a.)mechanical solidarity

Emile Durkheim used the term organic solidarity to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. True or False

False

Anne is a college student, a full-time employee, and a mother of two young children. Anne may experience role conflict because a.)it is likely to be impossible for her to fully satisfy the expectations associated with all of those roles. b.)the roles of mother, especially of young children, and full-time employee are inherently incompatible. c.)she will demand that others help her and, when the help is not forthcoming, will relinquish a role. d.)society is still quite disapproving of working mothers and will sanction her in some way.

a.)it is likely to be impossible for her to fully satisfy the expectations associated with all of those roles.

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________. a.)the front stage b.)the back stage c.)ethnomethodological d.)dramaturgical

a.)the front stage