Sociology exam 1 (chapters 1&2)

When anthropologist Napoleon Chagnon first confronted the Yanomamӧ tribe of South America, he became nauseated at the sight of their customs and social environment. This is an example of __________.

culture shock

refers to a sense of disorientation when encountering new aspects of culture or a rapidly changing cultural situation

culture shock

according to the ______ perspective, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities

symbolic interactionist

which statement about symbols is true

symbols make culture possible because they allow for shared meaning

Who among the following sociologists is most likely to conduct a macrolevel analysis? a. Matthew, who believes that an individual's interpretation of events and the situations he or she encounters becomes the individual's subjective reality b. Rubin, who believes that a society is composed of institutions such as family and government that contribute to the stability of the society c. Rebecca, who believes that behavior is the result of the communication between people d. Georgia, who believes that a society is the sum of the interactions of people and groups

B. Rubin, who believes that a society is composed of institutions such as family and government that contribute to the stability of the society

Which of the following statements about culture is not true? a. Culture allows individuals to understand one another. b. Culture establishes order within a society. c. Cultural behavior is instinctual. d. Culture is essential to the survival of an individual.

C. Cultural behavior is instinctual

which of the following statements is true of quantitative research? a. It enables researchers to use a smaller sample than the one used in qualitative research. b. It allows sociologists to focus on data that can only be understood through content analysis. c. It helps sociologists compare rates of suicide with variables such as age, race, sex, and education. d. It allows researchers to formulate research questions that can seldom be tested using statistical methods.

C. It helps sociologists compare rates of suicide with variables such as age, race, sex, and education.

sociology student is asked to conduct quantitative research on a topic related to sociology as part of his final year curriculum. The student decides to study racism and its causes and defines his research problem. In the context of the research process, which of the following steps should the student take next? a. The student should collect data on incidents of racism and analyze them. b. The student should formulate a hypothesis. c. The student should review previous research on the chosen topic. d. The student should develop the research design.

C. the student should review previous research on the chosen topic

which of the following is not one of the ten core american values identified by sociologist Robin williams? a. cultural and ethic diversity b. progress and material comfort c. efficiency and practicality d. individualism

a. cultural and ethnic diversity

Which of the following has the highest rate of suicide? a. males in high-income countries b. females in high-income countries c. males in low-income countries d. females in low-income countries

a. males in high-income countries

Marx argued that workers being paid less than the value of their labor results in __________, a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves.

alienation

Which of the following is a strength of the functionalist perspective on culture? Selected Answer: a. It accounts for factors embedded in the structure of society, such as racism and sexism, that may contribute to conflict among people. b. It focuses on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. c. It explains how high culture serves a significant function in society by acting as the glue that holds all social classes together. d. It engages in a microlevel analysis that views society as the sum of all people's interactions.

b. It focuses on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival.

Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture (intangible) ?

beauty

A central tenet of Karl Marx's view is his __________.

belief that society must be changed

Some people are atheists because they hold the conviction that God does not exist. This conviction is an example of a(n) __________, which is a central component of nonmaterial culture.

beliefs

which central component of nonmaterial culture is the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real

beliefs

Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the position of a person or group within a set of hierarchical social categories based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.

class

Unlike researchers who conduct quantitative research, researchers who conduct qualitative research are more likely to __________

collect and analyze data simultaneously

Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to _________ .

collect and analyze the data simultaneously

quantitative research is likely to involve

complex statistical techniques

Kevin works hard as a banker. He has a high income, and a nice house and car. He believes that everyone should have to pay for his or her own higher education, without assistance from the government. If individuals are too poor to afford college tuition, Kevin believes, the person shouldn't be able to earn a diploma. Which theory aligns with Kevin's views on inequality due to capitalism? -symbolic interactionism -functionalism -positivism -conflict

conflict

marx's theory of society is based on the belief that

conflict between different economic classes is necessary for social change

According to the __________, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.

conflict perspective

While more women than ever are running for political office in the United States, there are still many more men holding these positions. Women face obstacles such as discrimination, sexual harassment, and a lack of encouragement and support, as well as challenges balancing family obligations. The underrepresentation of women in politics highlights the meaning of gender in American culture and the potential impact of persistent gender inequality. Based on the graph, which sociological perspective would be most valuable for interpreting the gender discrepancy shown among state legislatures in the United States from 1971 to 2017? -conflict perspective -functionalist perspective -cultural relativism -symbolic interactionist perspective

conflict perspective

Social-class pressures may affect rates of suicide among young people. This view is consistent with the __________.

conflict theory perspective

__________ is the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life.

content anaylsis

The Order, a white supremacist group, opposes most of the values shared by the majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons and plans to carry out mass shootings to demonstrate its opposition to the dominant cultural values and beliefs. This group is most likely an example of a __________.

counterculture

Groups such as the beatniks of the 1950s, the drug enthusiasts of the 1970s, and members of religious cults reject some or many of culture's basic norms and values. These groups are called __________.

countercultures

According to French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, members of the upper class in a society must be trained to appreciate and participate in high culture, which includes activities such as opera, ballet, and live theater. Once these members acquire these abilities, they possess __________, which is symbolic of being a member of the upper class and is typically not acquired by members of the lower classes.

cultural capital

The spread of Ebola virus, which started in Guinea, to the neighboring countries of Liberia and Sierra Leone through tourism and immigration is an example of __________.

cultural diffusion

the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institution is known as

cultural lag

anthropologist George Murdock complied a list of over 70 _______ which are customs and practices that occur across all societies

cultural universals

cooking, games, folklore, dancing and clothing are examples of

cultural universals

_______ refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society.

culture

which term refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next?

culture

All members of a society usually use a paper napkin and turn their heads away from others when sneezing. This appropriate way of sneezing followed by the members of the society shows that __________.

culture channels the expression of human reflexes

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? a. a group of scientists that demonstrates the advantages of genetically engineered foods b. a group of people that celebrates Hanukkah instead of Christmas c. a group of people that speaks Hindi in the United States d. a group of people that protests against the increasing income gap between the rich and the poor

d. a group of people that protests against the increasing income gap between the rich and the poor

Who among the following individuals is most likely to belong to the upper class on the basis of the culture she prefers? a. Thelma, who is an ardent football fan and watches all matches religiously b. Kelly, who enjoys rock music and often attends rock concerts c. Jessica, who watches television sitcoms on a regular basis d. Miranda, who patronizes live theater

d. miranda, who patronizes live theater

Angela, a sociologist, is conducting a study on divorce and the factors that affect it. She personally believes that modern couples do not take relationships seriously and is of the opinion that married couples should stick together through thick and thin. However, she knows that she should be objective in her study and, therefore, employs an approach that allows her to gain the ability to see the world from the perspective of others. Which of the following approaches is Angela most likely using? a. social darwinism b. gesellschaft c. positivism d. vertehen

d. verteshen

The graphs below show the prevalence of heart disease and stroke by percent of poverty level over time. Based on the data on the graph, how would a conflict theorist explain these differences?

differentials in health outcomes by poverty level are the result of unequal access to healthcare and resources

Values differ from norms in that values:

do not state explicitly how ppl should behave

The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin, is termed __________

ethnicity

The cultural heritage or identity of a group, based on factors such as language or country of origin, is termed __________.

ethnicity

A group of teenagers watch an older couple walk slowly by and laugh about how much smarter and more fun their generation is when compared to older groups. This is an example of:

ethnocentrism

occurs when members of one group or society see things only from the point of view of their own group. they see other groups or societies as being inferior in some way.

ethnocentrism

which of the following is an example of a folkway? -rules structuring religious rites of passage, such as ordainment into the priesthood -procedures for a senate confirmation hearing -expectations about space while riding an elevator -laws regarding driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs

expectations about space while riding an elevator

which type of research method studies social life in its natural setting by observing and interviewing people where they live, work and play?

field research

In the United States, __________ might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.

folkways

which norms may be violated without serious consequences and are often not enforced?

folkways

__________, a category of norms, are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. The most common type of norms belonging to this category is laws.

formal norms

George Simmel developed the concept of __________, an approach that focuses attention on the universal social forms that underlie social interaction.

formal sociology

The _____ perspective states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive

functionalist

a strength of the _____ perspective on culture is its focus on the needs of society and the fact that stability is essential for society's continued survival. A shortcoming is its overemphasis on harmony and cooperation

functionalist

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would look at the role schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole, how education provides the young with skills they need later in life, and how education transmits cultural values from one generation to the next.

functionalists

The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.

gender

British sociologist __________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States.

harriet martineau

Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, meaning that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.

heterogeneous societies

Disney-like theme parks constitute a form of seduction that substitutes real power with symbolic power. From this perspective, amusement park visitors may feel like survivors after enduring the rapid speed and gravity-defying movements of roller-coaster rides or see themselves as winners after surviving fights with hideous cartoon villains. The term Baudrillard used to refer to this social and cultural creation is __________.

hyperreality

When studying the relationship between social integration and suicide, a researcher hypothesizes that a low degree of social integration causes suicide. In this case, the degree of social integration is a(n) __________.

independent variable

interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century in response to

industrialization and urbanization

__________ are norms considered to be less important, are unwritten, and are commonly understood standards of behavior among people who share an identity.

informal norms

According to the following charts, changes have occurred in marital status between 1960 and 2010. Based on these changes, which of the following is a likely conclusion?

it has become more socially acceptable to remain unmarried longer

Anne, a teenager, is constantly bullied by her peers in school because of her dark skin color. She frequently hears her peers say remarks such as "You are so unattractive" and "You are inferior." Despite being a good student, Anne develops an inferiority complex and starts believing that she is ugly. This leads to her being aloof and actively shying away from social events. This scenario most likely illustrates that __________.

language can determine reality

conflict theorists are most likely to be criticized for

largely focusing on societal discord and the divisiveness of culture

When students go to college, they often make lifelong friends and may even find their life partners. Robert Merton would consider this a(n) __________ of education

latent function

an unintended goal of social behavior

latent function

an intended goal of social behavior

manifest function

All human beings create shelter to protect themselves from the weather and to give themselves privacy. This exemplifies how __________.

material culture acts as a bugger against the enviornment

Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________.

means of production

Which of the following would be an example of a latent function of attending a university? -reading about ancient civilizations -earning a degree in a field of study -meeting individuals to date -gaining skills in a specialty trade

meeting individuals to date

Martha, a sociologist, is conducting a study on terrorism. Instead of examining social structures such as family, education, religion, and government to evaluate their roles in advancing terrorism, Martha is studying small groups of people comprising the family members of various terrorists. In this case, Martha is conducting a __________.

microlevel analysis

A significant difference between high- and low-income countries is that low-income countries tend to be __________.

more agarian

During a classical music performance, a concertgoer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a __________.

negative informal sanction

Luis has just received a stern lecture from his mother about his poor grade in algebra. His mother's lecture is an example of a __________.

negative sanction

the purchase of wristbands that make a statement or support a cause is an example of

object fad

To understand the process coroners use to determine whether or not a death is a suicide, a sociologist works for six months in the coroner's office and spends as much time as possible observing coroners at work. This is an example of __________.

participant observation

The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that _____________.

people are the products of their social environments

One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.

personal trouble; public issue

during the olympics, competition and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best" and root for their country. This is a form of

positive ethnocentrism

French philosopher Auguste Comte's belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry became known as __________

positivism

C. Wright Mills used the term __________ to refer to a small clique composed of top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society.

power elite

__________ state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.

prescriptive norms

In the Marxian framework, the __________ consists of those who sell their labor because they have no other way to earn a living.

proletariat

Tom works on the assembly line at the local Ford automobile factory. In the context of the Marxian framework, Tom would be considered a member of the __________ because he does not own the means of production.

proletariat class

Based on the graph below, most Americans want to cut environmental regulations. If this preference is based on loss of profits due to regulations, what would a conflict theorist propose about U.S. culture and the environment? -higher regulatory governance symbolizes less freedom and less responsibility for the good of the society -decreased regulation follows unpredictable, constantly changing opinions within society -reduction of regulations allows big businesses to gain more profit due to american cultural values favoring money over the protection of the environment -regulations do act to prevent the loss of environment, but too many regulations prevent society from working properly

reduction of regulations allows big businesses to gain more profit due to american cultutural values favoring money over the protection of the environment

Soledad has developed a scale to assess job satisfaction among temporary workers. She is afraid that workers in her study will each interpret the scale items in a different way. Soledad is concerned about the __________ of her scale.

reliability

which guideline is included in the American Sociological Association's code of ethics for conducting research?

researchers must disclose all interpretations of the data they collect

In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau strongly advocates __________.

social equality and reform

French sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the term __________ to refer to the patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over every person in society.

social facts

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

social imagination

When studying the problem of suicide, sociologists are most interested in explaining its _________

societal patterns

A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.

society

Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ to refer to the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.

sociological imagination

In December, many Jewish families who live in the United States celebrate Hanukkah, the festival of lights. They serve special food and engage in activities unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith in the United States most likely represent a __________.

subculture

which research method is most widely used in the social sciences to study people's behavior and beliefs?

survey

Which theoretical perspective might examine the changing image of individuals who consume marijuana in states where it has recently been legalized? -feminist -conflict -symbolic interactionism -functionalism

symbolic interactionism

In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are either broken or followed.

symbolic interactions

sociology is defined as the

the systematic study of human society and social interaction

A __________ is a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

theory

subcultures are important because

they help people adapt to abrupt cultural change

The belief of a group of people of a distinct race that their culture is superior to other cultures is an example of a __________, but the law that prohibits people from showing discrimination against others on the basis of race is an example of a __________.

value; norm

____ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.

values

which statement about values is true

values are a source of criteria for evaluating people, events, and objects