Sociology Exam 2 Chapter Questions

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.

Gesellschaft

Which of the following questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

How do we know how to interact in a given situation?

In regard to gender socialization practices among various racial-ethnic groups, sociologists have found that

both daughters and sons are socialized toward autonomy, independence, self‑confidence, and nurturance of children

Which of the following statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false?

Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.

During which life stage is socialization the most important?

childhood

Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which explores how people's ability to think and process information changes over time.

cognitive development

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

Role exit

Daisy, a 15-year-old girl, is dared by her friends to break into the house of a stranger and draw an obscene graffiti on the wall. Despite knowing that this is unethical and illegal, Daisy goes ahead and completes the dare because she wants her peers to perceive her as a daring and cool person. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Daisy is most likely in the

conventional level

Which of the following statements about socialization is false?

Socialization is complete by the time we reach late middle age

Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages. The second stage is __________, in which people may step away from their existing roles.

a search for alternatives

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.

a self fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following characterizes a Gemeinschaft society?

a sense of community based on similarity

Which of the following is not an example of a rite of passage?

a weekly religious service

Andrea, an 11-year-old girl, thinks that the life of her parents is easy because they don't have to go to school or do homework. When she tells this to her mother, her mother asks her to imagine being old enough to work. She asks Andrea to mentally assume that she is a working mother and understand the difficulties of being an adult from her mother's perspective. After this activity, Andrea understands that her concerns are insignificant compared to her mother's. In the context of sociologist George Herbert Mead's insights on self-concept, Andrea has engaged in __________ in the given scenario.

role-taking

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________.

secondary groups

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, children in the __________ understand the world only through sensory contact and immediate action because they cannot engage in symbolic thought or use language.

sensorimotor stage

Finn's elder sister has been an important influence in his life. She took care of him after the death of their mother, taught him the appropriate ways to act among people, and encouraged him to pursue his passion for writing. Many of Finn's actions are attempts to win the approval of his sister. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that Finn's sister is a(n) __________ for Finn.

significant other

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to __________.

social influence

Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that __________.

social institutions are originally organized to meet the basic needs of society

__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

social marginality

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that links an individual to others is __________.

social network

When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.

social script

When Derek was an infant, his parents taught him that sharing toys with others is ethical. As Derek grew older, they taught him the correct way to address others and the manners that are socially acceptable. When Derek began going to school, he learned various other customs and behaviors from his peers and teachers. The social interaction that occurred during these years helped Derek acquire a self-identity and learn practices that are crucial for survival in society. This scenario illustrates the concept of __________.

socialization

In the context of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, children in the preoperational stage:

start using words as mental symbols and to form mental images

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

status set

According to Freud, the __________ is expressed in recognition of parental control and is later expressed in recognition of the demands of society.

superego

__________ are most likely to emphasize that during infancy and early childhood, family support and guidance are crucial to a child's developing self-concept.

symbolic interactionists

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

the front stage

According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, there are three different levels of human personality. Which of the following is not one of these levels?

the libido

According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.

the looking glass self

A(n) __________ is a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

total institution

When students who received low grades on a test make excuses for their low scores in an encounter with students who received high grades, the low-scoring students are engaged in __________.

face-saving behavior

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

feeling rules

Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the __________ on socialization and society.

functionalist perspective

__________ emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

functionalist theorists

Sean and Amy are parents of a young boy and girl. They adopt different parenting approaches for their son and daughter. They engage in rough play with their son, whereas they only engage in nonphysical activities with their daughter. They also give their son more freedom. This scenario exemplifies the concept of

gender socialization

Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.

gender socialization

Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

involved emotion based interactions

The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that __________.

it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

Patricia recently completed high school and joined a large retail store as a salesperson. As this was Patricia's first job, she learned the norms and values considered acceptable in the workplace and acclimatized herself with the store's work culture. This scenario exemplifies __________.

occupational socialization

In the context of industrial societies, when individuals who work on specialized, interdependent tasks are bound together by mutual dependence and practical considerations rather than by morality or shared values, they are said to have __________.

organic solidarity

Tanvi, a 13-year-old girl, prefers playing rough sports to playing house with dolls. She also prefers short hair and baggy trousers to long hair and pink dresses preferred by most of the girls her age. Despite wanting to play with boys of her age and dress like them, Tanvi continues to behave and dress like other girls because she fears that her peers will demean her and make fun of her if she does otherwise. This scenario exemplifies the concept of __________.

peer pressure

Serena, a 28-year-old woman, sees a poor woman with a baby steal a loaf of bread from a bakery. Even though Serena knows that theft is illegal, she does not report the woman to the police because she judges the actions of the woman on principles of human rights and understands that the woman needs to feed her baby. In the context of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Serena is most likely in the __________.

postconventional level

A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.

postindustrial society

In the context of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, during the __________, children view evil behavior as one that is likely to be punished and good behavior as obedience and avoidance of unwanted consequences.

preconventional level

According to functionalist theorists, which of the following is one of the essential tasks that social institutions perform?

preserving social order

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.

role

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls him, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have an emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.

role conflict

Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of

role conflict

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing __________.

role strain

Which of the following would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior?

attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others