sociology exam 2 module quizzes

Which of the following is an example of role conflict? Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. Krista is a social worker but finds it difficult to meet all of her clients needs while using very limited resources.

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Which of the following is NOT an argument of Manufacturing Consent (social conflict approach to the media)? The "corporatization of the media" has increased the influence of corporations in US politics and around the world. Journalism acts as a check on government and corporate power by countering the status quo and its ideologies in the media. Corporations use the media to construct a "common enemy" that distracts the public from any ideas, information, or ideologies that may threaten the status quo and corporate power. Since media profits come from advertising rather than actual media content, critical journalism often comes second to corporate interests in making a profit.

Journalism acts as a check on government and corporate power by countering the status quo and its ideologies in the media.

Which of the following is the best example of the generalized other? A group of people make a bold decision to gather and hold a protest. Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral. Friends decide to run together on a regular basis. Many different strangers sign the same online petition.

Kerry knows she will be expected to wear black when attending a funeral.

Which theoretical approach would argue that people who are oppressed may construct counter-cultures as a way to oppose the dominant culture, which disadvantages them? Structural Functionalism Social Conflict approach Symbolic Interactionism

Social Conflict approach

Which of the following statements is true about socialization? Socialization refers to learning from one's parents and immediate family members. Other individuals and groups are not involved. Socialization continues at every stage of the life course, including into old age. Socialization is an intense process of childhood that comes to an end once a person becomes an adult. Socialization refers to the process by which a social practice or organization begins to become an institution.

Socialization continues at every stage of the life course, including into old age.

Katrina, age 5, and Sharon, age 4, love to play together while their mothers chat. Katrina has a toy iron and washing machine. She and Sharon spend hours "washing" and "ironing" her baby doll's clothes, just like they see their mothers do. Which of George Herbert Mead's stages of development are Katrina and Sharon exemplifying? The preparatory stage The play stage The game stage The "generalized other" stage

The play stage

Social control is: An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives. A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law. A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual. The regulation and enforcement of norms.

The regulation and enforcement of norms.

Why are wealthy parents more likely than poor parents to socialize their children toward questioning authority and problem solving? Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment. Wealthy parents are not concerned about their children rebelling against their rules. Wealthy parents never engage in repetitive tasks. Wealthy parents are more concerned with money than with a good education.

Wealthy parents are socializing their children toward the skills of white-collar employment.

Social Disorganization Theory views community crime rates as primarily resulting from __________________________. a failure of formal social control mechanisms a failure of informal social control mechanisms the presence of gangs lack of legitimate opportunities None of the above

a failure of informal social control mechanisms

Doug is 8 years old and is the son of a successful business owner who is considered upper class. Doug being a member of the upper class is an example of: an achieved status the Thomas Theorem an ascribed status the looking-glass self

an ascribed status

Culture is a source of human freedom because ________. culture does not guide behavior culture tends to change very quickly as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves much of culture is habitual

as cultural creatures, humans make and remake the world for themselves

The education, attitudes, knowledge, and preferences by which others judge you constitute your __________ , which contributes to your success in school and your career beyond just your abilities. cultural capital cultural universal social culture cultural appropriation

cultural capital

__________ is the term used to refer to the conflicts in the United States over moral issues and values, such as abortion and gay rights. cultural lag cultural appropriation culture war ethnocentrism

culture war

A person who criticizes the Amish farmer as being "backward" for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying: ethnocentrism xenophobia cultural relativism cultural diffusion

ethnocentrism

Sociologists who study the role of power in the definition of deviance have discovered that the rich and powerful: are rarely deviant. have the capacity to avoid being labeled deviant. are prejudiced toward most types of deviant behavior. ignore most forms of deviant behavior. All of the above

have the capacity to avoid being labeled deviant.

Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal? public education football democracy language

language

Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because ________. culture always discourages change. humans cannot create new culture for themselves. culture forces us to make choices. much of culture is institutionalized and has become a societal habit

much of culture is institutionalized and has become a societal habit

A central argument of Labeling Theory is: persons who have broken a rule constitute a homogeneous category. the process of labeling is infallible; everyone who is labeled as deviant has in fact broken a rule. the degree to which people respond to a given act is dependent only on one factor—whether that act is a violation of a rule. being caught and branded as a deviant has no important consequences for further social participation and self-image; what counts is whether the person engaged in the act. none of the above

none of the above

Differential Association Theory and Social Learning Theory both assume that an individual is more likely to become deviant if his or her interactions with intimate others that promote deviant beliefs and behaviors: (1) occur more frequently, (2) occur earlier in a person's life, (3) occur over a longer period of time, and (4)__________________________. occur in emotional situations. occur with closer, more intimate others. occur with those who have authority. occur with more influential, charismatic others. All of the above

occur with closer, more intimate others.

As we are socialized into our roles, we conform to the rules and norms imposed by our social structure. Consequently, we contribute to __________. the resocialization of ourselves the rejection of our own free will reproducing the current social structure the present path-dependency

reproducing the current social structure

According to Merton's Strain Theory, an example of the adaption of " ________ " is a student who may go through the motions of attending classes and studying, but has no future goals to be successful. conformity innovation ritualism retreatism rebellion

ritualism

During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. socialization the looking glass self resocialization anticipatory socialization

socialization

What is the process by which people learn the standards and expectations of their culture? institutionalization socialization industrialization generalization

socialization

A __________ is a distinct social category or position, such as a parent or a teacher; culture defines what expectations are associated with each position; these expectations are referred to as _____________. role model; statuses significant other; role models roles; status status; roles

status; roles

Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: the influences of a total institution the generalized other the influences of one's peer groups the hidden curriculum of schools

the hidden curriculum of schools

In general, formal social control is more effective at reducing crime/deviance compared to informal social control. True False

False

Social Disorganization Theory focuses on the characteristics of individual neighborhood residents as the main explanation for variations in neighborhood crime rates. True False

False

Taking a sociological approach, deviance refers to something unusual or "different" from the majority; being in the minority defines one as sociologically deviant. True False

False

True or False: A crime is always considered a case of deviance. True False

False

__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance. Mores; folkways Folkways; mores Proscriptive norms; prescriptive norms Prescriptive norms; proscriptive norms

Folkways; mores

Social Learning Theory improves upon the deficiencies of Differential Association Theory by including the processes of operant conditioning and clarifying the role of definitions in the process of learning to engage in deviant behavior. True False

True

The structural-functional approach sees culture as a relatively stable system of integrated patterns people use to meet their needs. True False

True

Education is important to society because: it teaches children facts about the world in which they live. it teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. it teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. All of these

All of these

Which of the following statements is NOT true about any given ideology (in general and in terms of its functions)? An ideology helps people to interpret certain events and/or social experiences. An ideology provides a rationale for a particular course of action. An ideology provides people with exclusively factual information that can be objectively verified. An ideology provides people an explanation for current social, cultural, economic, etc. conditions in society. (explains why things are the way they are) An ideology provides people with a guide as to what is important and what issues one should pay attention to.

An ideology provides people with exclusively factual information that can be objectively verified.

Which of the following is true about the relationship between formal and informal social control? As informal social control increases, formal social control also increases. As informal social control becomes less effective and/or decreases, formal social control tends to increase. As informal social control becomes less effective and/or decreases, formal social control also becomes less effective. As informal social control becomes more effective, formal social control becomes less effective. None of the above

As informal social control becomes less effective and/or decreases, formal social control tends to increase.

Identify which of the following is NOT an explanation of why the value system in the United States is unique. Geographically, the United States has been relatively isolated for most of its history. Culturally, the United States has been peopled largely by immigrants who shared a common culture. Historically, the United States has been unique; it was founded by a revolution that grew out of opposition to tyranny and aristocracy. Religiously, the Judeo-Christian ethic has emphasized humanitarians, the worth of the individual, etc.

Culturally, the United States has been peopled largely by immigrants who shared a common culture.

Because many physical conditions (e.g., deformities; diabetes; ) a person may have are not the person's fault, it is sociologically unacceptable to refer to these conditions as deviant. Something can only be sociologically deviant if the person chooses to engage in or adopt some behavior or belief or if their physical condition is the result of one's behaviors and beliefs. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT an example of self-fulfilling prophecy? Charlotte is an intelligent teenager, but told by her step-sisters and cousins that she's destined to a life of poverty and failure. Charlotte begins to do poorly in school, and eventually drops out. Though encouraged by his parents to audition for Julliard, Jose believes he isn't good enough to attend. After his audition, he expresses this reluctance to the admissions committee. They don't admit him due to his lack of certainty. Morgan overhears a professor predicting the economic recession will prevent entry-level graduates from finding gainful employment. Morgan goes on interviews but doesn't bother preparing, convinced it's a waste of time. Morgan appears unprofessional and is not hired. Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

Kevin sprained his ankle a month before a marathon. Though his trainer advises him not to participate, Kevin runs the marathon and places third.

In first grade, Scott is unfairly singled out by his teacher for bad behavior, partly because his older brothers had behavioral problems themselves. Throughout grade school, Scott gains a reputation as a "problem" child. Scott eventually drops out of school, thinking he was born to fail anyway. Which school of thought best fits Scott's experience? Merton's Strain Theory Control Theory Social Learning Theory and Differential Association Labeling Theory

Labeling Theory

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of medicalization discussed in the lecture? If we conceptualize a behavior as a medical problem, then it may lead people to claim they are not responsible for their actions. Medicalization tends to emphasize behavior problems as an individual problem and therefore ignores larger social structural causes that support or encourage such behavior. Medicalization tends to politicize behaviors such as dissent or protest as legitimate rather than a sign of mental illness. Medicalization has the potential to create a culture of victimization whereby more people are seen as victims of socialization and other circumstances rather than personally responsible for their behavior. All of the above are potential criticisms of medicalization.

Medicalization tends to politicize behaviors such as dissent or protest as legitimate rather than a sign of mental illness.

The definition of deviance most widely used in the field of the sociology of deviance is one based on: statistical rarity. harm to the society. mental illness. immorality. None of the above

None of the above

What concept did Durkheim use to refer to the social cohesion between members of more complex, modern societies, and which is based on specialization and mutual interdependence? society Mechanical solidarity Collective consciousness Organic solidarity None of the above

Organic solidarity

According to the social conflict perspective, why are certain people who question authority labeled as deviant? People are labeled as deviant because dominant members of society see them as problems. People are labeled as deviant because they are mentally ill. People are labeled as deviant because they are morally corrupt and not properly socialized to follow society's rules. People are labeled as deviant because their parents did not properly socialize them.

People are labeled as deviant because dominant members of society see them as problems.

Sherry is in her mid-eighties and is moving to a nursing home. She is used to getting up at 5 o'clock each morning and making breakfast for herself. Her new roommate likes to sleep until 7 o'clock and breakfast is not served at the nursing home until 8 o'clock. What is Sherry most likely to experience through this transition? Secularization A shift in her reading habits Resocialization A complete and permanent loss of herself

Resocialization

What is the difference between a counterculture and a subculture? A subculture's beliefs stand in opposition to the mainstream, whereas a counterculture's beliefs exist in harmony with the mainstream. A counterculture is made up of deviants, whereas a subculture is not. A subculture pushes for social change, whereas a counterculture does not. Subcultures tend to exist in harmony with the mainstream, whereas countercultures are in direct conflict with the mainstream.

Subcultures tend to exist in harmony with the mainstream, whereas countercultures are in direct conflict with the mainstream.

Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. This story is most reflective of which sociological perspective? Structural Functionalism Social-conflict Symbolic Interactionism Exchange Theory

Symbolic Interactionism

Which of the following perspectives would argue that one's culture affects how we perceive reality and therefore determines many day-to-day actions, thoughts, and experiences? Structural Functionalism Social-Conflict Approach Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism

Which theoretical approach would be most interested in the socialization process, which is the process by which people learn and adopt various elements of their culture? Structural Functionalism Social Conflict approach Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism

Which theoretical approach would investigate how one's culture may affect how one perceives the world and how one acts in various social situations? Structural Functionalism Social Conflict approach Symbolic Interactionism

Symbolic Interactionism

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? The yuppie craze of the 1980's The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's The hippie movement of the 1960's The disco invasion of the 1970's

The hippie movement of the 1960's

According to Labeling Theory, the final step leading to secondary deviation involves: stronger penalties and rejections. formal action taken by the community against the deviant. hostilities and resentment on the part of those who penalize the deviant. acceptance of and adjustment to a deviant social status/identity by the deviant.

acceptance of and adjustment to a deviant social status/identity by the deviant.

Key values of U.S. culture: always fit together easily. change quickly, even from year to year. are shared by absolutely everyone in a society. are sometimes in conflict with one another.

are sometimes in conflict with one another.

People use the word "love" to express their preferences for flavors of ice cream as well as their feelings toward their children, but it is safe to say that the word means something different in each of these situations. This is an example of the way __________ give(s) meaning to words and situations. context significant others the looking-glass self generalized other

context

Rodney and Elise are U.S. students studying abroad in Italy. When they are introduced to their host families, the families kiss them on both cheeks. When Rodney's host brother introduces himself and kisses Rodney on both cheeks, Rodney pulls back in surprise. Where he is from, unless they are romantically involved, men do not kiss one another. This is an exampleof: culture shock imperialism ethnocentrism xenophobia

culture shock

A good example of cultural lag is: gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so. a slowing in the rate of invention in the computer industry. older people trying to make younger people respect tradition. virtual culture replacing traditional culture.

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so.

On the first day of high school, Kaitlin overhears a group of girls calling her "goth" and "emo." She soon begins to don more black clothing, dark makeup, and seek out friends who dress the same. This is an example of ______. institutionalization role performance role strain ascribed status

role performance

When trying to explain what causes crime/deviance, the social-conflict perspective is most likely to focus on _______________ as the main cause of high rates of crime. social disorganization anomie and strain sharp inequalities in power and income cultural transmission inadequate parental socialization

sharp inequalities in power and income

Jon views himself as a lazy person who is not very intelligent. His self-understanding comes from his overly critical father who continually belittled him when he was growing up. Jon's perception of himself is what a sociologist might refer to as __________. backstage behavior the looking-glass self the social construction of reality role consistency

the looking-glass self

Which theory asserts that the importance of religion has declined in the face of modernity? conflict theory the pluralization thesis the Thomas Theorem the secularization thesis

the secularization thesis

Parents often socialize their children to: understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people

understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow