Sociology exam 3
· How does a college education affect the pay gap?
Women Need More Education than Men to Achieve Equal Pay
According to Max Weber, which trait determines a person's socioeconomic or social standing? status attitude race biology
a
Talia thinks society works best when men play the role of the breadwinner while women play the role of the caretaker. With which perspective on gender does Talia's view most closely align? structural functionalist conflict or feminist gender as social structure symbolic interactionism
a
The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination by landlords and property owners on the basis of ______. race and national origin sexual orientation gender identity socioeconomic status
a
The perspective that provides us with the most inclusive and overall view of how gender operates in our lives is called ______. gender as social structure conflict theory symbolic interactionism structural functionalism
a
What is suggested by Oscar Lewis's culture of poverty thesis? Conditions of deprivation create cultural responses geared to survival. The poor could move out of poverty if they got married. Poverty is so common that most are likely to experience it at some point in the United States. Most U.S. citizens believe in the concept of a culture of poverty.
a
What is used as a basis in determining social class? occupation social network sexual orientation mobility
a
What was the result of Ronald Reagan's "trickle down" approach to economic policy? Corporations invested in nations with cheaper workforces leading to deindustrialization. The economic inequality gap lessened as the wealthy created more jobs for the working class. The economy flourished due to rapid industrialization and technological advances. Small business boomed as the common folk had more money to invest in communities.
a
Which category indicates sexuality? lesbian intersex transwoman transgender Do you need a hint?
a
Which statement most accurately describes the difference between race and ethnicity? Race is socially constructed, while ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage. Race refers to biological differences, while ethnicity refers to country of origin. Race is a label that is ascribed by others, while ethnicity is a label ascribed by oneself. Race includes genetic makeup, while ethnicity includes perceived physical differences.
a
· What is racism?
a belief system where members of other races are deemed to be inherently inferior
race
a socially constructed idea that refers to people who share selected physical characteristics
· What is the glass ceiling
asserts that there is a limit to how high women and minorities can be promoted.
A member of which of the following groups is most likely to receive at least an undergraduate degree by the age of 28? White men White women Hispanic women Black men
b
Cristobal owns $500,000 worth of assets and has $50,000 in student loan debt. Therefore, Cristobal's ______ is $450,000. income wealth capital buying power
b
In which industry are women more likely than men to hold a position? computer technology caretaking engineering physical sciences
b
Salvatore works as a pediatrician and Zachary works in a fast-food restaurant. Salvatore earns more money than Zachary, because society deems doctors to be more important than fast-food workers. Which term best describes the society in which Salvatore and Zachary live? bureaucracy meritocracy autocracy democracy
b
Which is considered a pull factor driving immigration? political persecution in the home country access to safe housing in the second country gang violence in the home country abundant job opportunities in the home country
b
Which perspective focuses on how people wear clothing and behave in ways that they feel are appropriate for their "chosen" gender? structural functionalist symbolic interactionism conflict or feminist gender as social structure
b
Which piece of legislation worked to abolish national immigration quotas and did much to increase immigration and alter the racial makeup of the United States? Three-Fifths Compromise Immigration Act of 1965 Immigration Act of 1924 Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
b
Which statement about racial disparities in the criminal justice system is true? Black people are less likely than members of other races to be removed from a jury. Black people are more likely than white people to face arrests for drug charges. White drivers are more likely to be pulled over by police than Black drivers. White people are less likely than Black people to use and sell illegal drugs.
b
______ refers to the way valuable goods and desired intangibles are distributed in society. Social capital Social stratification Absolute hierarchy Income equality
b
How does the Census Bureau define poverty?
based on pre-tax ,gross income thresholds that vary by family size and composition cash equivalent
ethnicity
based on shared cultural and social characteristics
· Why is the gender pay gap for blacks and Hispanics less than that for whites?
because black men and hispanic men already get paid less then white men
· What groups (e.g., age, gender, and race) are MOST likely to be in poverty and why?
black females
Bartolome grew up in a poor family with limited access to social resources, but he was able to attend college and land a high-paying job. Bartolome and his children are now members of the upper class. Which type of mobility does this best exemplify? structural downward intergenerational horizontal
c
Carl is a White man who believes White people are superior to all other groups. Which concept does this best demonstrate? discrimination prejudice racism stereotypes
c
Declan was born and raised in Scotland, and he believes that Scottish culture is better than all other cultures around the world. This is an example of ______. racism institutionalized discrimination ethnocentrism prejudice
c
People who identify with a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth are ______. asexual intersex transgender cisgender Do you need a hint?
c
Suppose a new educational technology product makes it easier to obtain a degree online and gain high-paying employment, leading to increased membership in the middle and upper classes. Which type of mobility would this best exemplify? horizontal intergenerational structural downward
c
Vaishnavi is an Indian American student who shares the same language, nation of origin, and religion as her Indian American peers. This best refers to Vaishnavi's ______. group identification self-identity ethnicity race
c
Which statement best demonstrates the naturalization theme of the color-blind perspective on race? "Everybody has the power within them to fight for racial equality." "I don't see color and race doesn't matter anymore." "We are biologically programmed to segregate along the lines of race." "Black culture itself, not racism, is responsible for creating adverse conditions."
c
Which statement best explains why the unofficial barrier women and minorities face when trying to advance to upper levels of a corporation is referred to as a "glass ceiling?" Women and minorities can easily shatter the ceiling if they put forth the effort. When glass splinters, the jagged edges can be harmful to all who touch them. The ceiling is invisible and not openly acknowledged in the working world. Just as glass is transparent, the unofficial barrier is transparent and known to all.
c
What is relative poverty
circumstances in which people cannot afford actively to participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people take for granted
Correctly arrange the four steps in Robert Park's assimilation process.
contact, conflict, accomodation, assimulation
A newborn who has ambiguous genitalia and cannot be clearly identified as biologically male or female is referred to as ______. transgender asexual cisgender intersex
d
A person who views gender from a structural functionalist perspective is most likely to agree with which statement? Gender is socially constructed and is fluid. Resources are allocated unequally between men and women. Gender is socialized through lessons we learn as children. Men and women play different but complementary roles.
d
As a common person, Horatio is unable to vote. That right is reserved only for clergymen, nobility, and other members of high social groups. In which type of system does Horatio most likely live? slavery class-based system caste system estate system
d
In a debate with her peers about racial inequality, Maura said, "Well, slavery was abolished way back in 1865 and racism isn't as prevalent as it once was." Which of the four themes in the color-blind perspective does Maura's view best demonstrate? culturalization naturalization abstract liberalism minimization
d
Men are much more likely to be newscasters than women. This sends the subliminal message that ______. women are valuable members of society women are best at handling logistics and operating cameras men enjoy presenting information in an engaging way men are knowledgeable leaders to whom we should listen
d
RJ attends a school where most students are people of color. Since funding for the school relies on local taxes, and most people living in the community are of low socioeconomic status, RJ's school receives less funding than schools in predominantly White communities. This best exemplifies ______. de jure segregation racism racial stereotyping institutional discrimination
d
The results of which event allowed White people to once again dominate political power in the South and lead to the establishment of Jim Crow laws? Loving v. Virginia Brown v. Board of Education Three-Fifths Compromise Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877
d
What factor contributes to the increasing economic inequality in the United States? increasing social services lack of social supports social networks declining power of unions
d
Which characteristic tends to relate to negative views toward Muslim immigrants? higher education levels frequent interactions with Muslims far-left political views Christian identity
d
Which of the following statements is true regarding how parents interact differently with their children based on gender? Parents are more likely to welcome gender nonconformity from their boys than their girls. Parents are more likely to issue instructions to daughters than they are to sons. Parents are more likely to use a conversational tone when speaking to their boys than their girls. Parents interact with sons in more aggressive and physical styles of play than they do with daughters.
d
Which statement about gender and hookup culture is true? Women tend to gain social status through hookups. Men prefer hookups over dates. Men tend to lose social status through hookups. Women who engage in casual sex are viewed more negatively than men.
d
Which statement best describes the difference between sex and gender? Sex is socially constructed, while gender is assigned at birth. Gender and sex are biologically determined and assigned at birth. Sex and gender are socially constructed ideas and are fluid. Gender is socially constructed, while sex is determined by biology.
d
Which statement best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice is unfair treatment of groups of people, and discrimination is irrational attitudes. Discriminatory behavior and prejudiced feelings can only be possessed by the dominant group. Discrimination can lead to prejudiced behavior over time. Prejudice is irrational feelings toward groups, and discrimination is unfair treatment of groups.
d
sex
determined by largely visible bio characteristics
new wave 1990-
emphasis on individuality and empowerment
· How do functionalists explain gender stratification?
importance division of labor in early societies
What is absolute poverty
inability to provide minimal necessities of life
· How has racism played into research into anti-black sentiments, stereotypes and crime, harshness of punishments, and attitudes about voter id laws.
keep hands on wheel, don't wear hood, blacks often killed etc.
How does conflict theory explain the persistence of poverty?
labor exploitation
· What are the trends in racial and economic segregation and what are its consequences?
lower income, education acheivement, higher homicide, more conflict. 1 in 8 public school segregation. isolated 75 percent
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
How do we explain the gender pay gap?
occupational segregation, women more likely to leave and be caregivers
Consumer exploitation
overcharged to value of what we purchase
· How does conflict theory explain gender stratification?
patriarchy originated with ownership of property including women
· What is social mobility like in the U.S. over the past couple of decades?
people who earn a college degree, get a job promotion, or marry someone with a good income may move up socially. In contrast, downward mobility indicates a lowering of one's social class. Some people move downward because of business setbacks, unemployment, or illness.
What is prejudice?
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
· What are the functions of poverty to a society?
provide labor, jobs for services, subsidize activities for affluent, outlet for undesirable goods.
challenge to sexism 1960-1980
roles of men and women questioned
gender identity
sense of self relates to gender
gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
gender
socio-cultural characteristics and expectations includes ideas about masc and femme
political equality wave 1848-1920
suffrage movement
primary · sex characteristics.
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
· What does the overtime trend line tell us about the "success" of America's "war on poverty?"
the rate is back to where it was
glass escalator
theory suggests that in female- or minority-predominant fields, white men are promoted more quickly and with greater ease
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
· ? What is labor exploitation?
when we are underpaid for the true value of what we produce.
· What is the gender pay gap approximately?
women earn 0.84 of what men earn
· major forms of assimilation-based patterns of group co-existence.
- anglo-conformity: immigrants are accepted as long as they conform to the host society. traditional American institution are maintained. A+B+C=A- melting pot: all ethnic and racial minorities bling together. A+B+C=D- cultural pluralism: recognizes immigrants desires to maintain at least a remnant of their "old" way while accommodating American values and norms A+B+C=A+B+C
What kinds of things are necessary for a society to arrive to the point of committing genocide?
- classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, denial
individual discrimination
- individual discrimination: individual acts of racism ex. race card project
instutional discrimination
- institutional discrimination: embedded in social institutions ex. voting rights
· Know the forms of conflict-based patterns of group co-existence.
- segregation: physical and institutional separation of dominant and minority groups. Ex. CAASTE, Civil Rights- subjugation: involuntary social separation with unequal rights with unequal rights. Ex. slavery- expulsion: forced removal of one population by another. Ex. trail of tears, muslims being pushed out of Burma, genocide
· How is the idea of in-group and out-group related to the concept of genocide?
- they are groups that are socially and culturally constructed but can only exist when there are "other" groups- negative feeling projected on other groups leading to sense of one's own superiority- genocide takes this process to the extreme
What is the approximate poverty line for a family of 4 (two adults, two children)?
27,479
· how do other nations and most scholars define poverty from a relative poverty standpoint?
3 times the cost of minimum food diet
· About how many poor people are in America?
40 plus million
Which statement best demonstrates the naturalization theme of the color-blind perspective on race? "Everybody has the power within them to fight for racial equality." "I don't see color and race doesn't matter anymore." "We are biologically programmed to segregate along the lines of race." "Black culture itself, not racism, is responsible for creating adverse conditions."
C
In a debate with her peers about racial inequality, Maura said, "Well, slavery was abolished way back in 1865 and racism isn't as prevalent as it once was." Which of the four themes in the color-blind perspective does Maura's view best demonstrate? culturalization naturalization abstract liberalism minimization
D
RJ attends a school where most students are people of color. Since funding for the school relies on local taxes, and most people living in the community are of low socioeconomic status, RJ's school receives less funding than schools in predominantly White communities. This best exemplifies ______. de jure segregation racism racial stereotyping institutional discrimination
D
Which characteristic tends to relate to negative views toward Muslim immigrants? higher education levels frequent interactions with Muslims far-left political views Christian identity
D
Which statement best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice is unfair treatment of groups of people, and discrimination is irrational attitudes. Discriminatory behavior and prejudiced feelings can only be possessed by the dominant group. Discrimination can lead to prejudiced behavior over time. Prejudice is irrational feelings toward groups, and discrimination is unfair treatment of groups.
D
