Sociology Exam 3 TEST BANK
The idea that the choices we make to live in a modern society—one with technological advances and the changes in social relationships that make them possible—create dangers for us is central to
Risk Society by Ulrich Beck
The HIV/AIDS crisis occurred in the U.S. during the tenure of which president?
Ronald Reagan
During their lifetimes, Muslims are supposed, if they are able, to travel to Mecca on a pilgrimage called hajj. Where is Mecca located?
Saudi Arabia
Which nation was NOT an early adopter of democracy?
Saudi Arabia
Which of the following is not considered one of the major world religions?
Sikhism
What is the thesis of Corey Abramson's The End Game: How Inequality Shapes Our Final Years (2017)?
Social factors such as poverty and exposure to stress and violence shorten the lives of poor people.
_________________ is the feeling of social connection and belonging we have, which gives rise to ______________.
Social solidarity, social capital
In what kind of economy are goods produced according to social need and economic production controlled and owned collectively by the workers themselves?
Socialism
What is the hidden curriculum?
Socialization among students that reinforces privilege and inequality
Which social movement seeks to convince business leaders to adopt sustainable and environmentally responsible practices?
Socially responsible investing
An immigrant is someone who
crosses a national border to seek a new home either temporarily or permanently
When wealthy students are able to signal that they are interested in learning and understand the unspoken rules of school success to their teachers because of their wealth, they are demonstrating
cultural capital
In the U.S., voter rates have been
declining since the late 1800s
The DSM-V
defines a variety of mental disorders
Most democratic nations today are
democratic republics without a constitutional monarchy
What kind of power relies on an appeal to a leader's adherence to custom, heritage, or the way things have always been?
Traditional authority
In the Harry Potter series, Charlie Weasley, older brother of Ron, lives in Romania training dragons. The rest of his family remains in England, working and attending school. What term best describes this family type?
Transnational family
According to Ulrich Beck, the increasing number of environmental crises
diminishes trust in government as people see that their political leaders are incapable of or unwilling to address the root problems of environmental degradation
Health demography is the study of the
distribution of disease in a population
Currently, college students enrolled in fully online degree programs
graduate at lower rates than students in traditional programs
Societies today face ______________________ than previous generations.
greater risks of great negative impact
In recent years, globally, anti-immigration backlash has been
growing
Over time, the number of nations that are democracies has
grown
Three important trends in marriage today include: the rise of divorce, the decision by many to delay marriage, and the
growth of transnational families
Because workers in a feudal system did not have the right to leave the land (and, even if they could have, they were surrounded by other feudal lands owned by other feudal lords), they
had little incentive to work hard, innovate, or try to change their circumstances, which meant that society as a whole did not progress much during this time
Most discussions of politics today
happen via mass media or social media
Globally, the term "city"
has no standard definition
People who consistently report high levels of happiness and satisfaction with life tend to
have close relationships with friends, family, and members of the community
Contractual connections between medical organizations create
healthcare systems
A form of power where dominant groups are able to make their worldview seem like "common sense" to the rest of the population is termed
hegemony
For much of human history, population growth was hindered by
high infant mortality rates
California is the U.S. state with the highest number of immigrants. It also has
high levels of support for humane immigration policies and immigrant rights
Rates of infection of diseases that could be prevented with vaccinations are
higher in counties and school districts with lower vaccination rates.
Demand for organ donation is
higher than the availability of donated organs
In Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs (2015), the sociologist Lauren Rivera argues that
hiring process at these top-tier firms are designed in a way that favors elite students from elite universities
The movement of people from one nation to another is called
immigration
Students face an inherent tension around their behavior in school because
impressing their peers often involves behavior that hurts them academically
After the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, global greenhouse gas emissions
increased
Over the last decades, the number of facilities and services caring for the elderly in the U.S. has
increased by one-third
Since the 1970s, homeschooling has
increased in popularity
The importance that children place on being popular
increases throughout elementary school, peaking in early high school.
In the U.S., the average age of people is
increasing as people live longer
Industrialization placed pressure on the extended family in several ways, including
increasing residential mobility in search of jobs
The free-rider problem occurs when
individuals do not act in a way that benefits the group unless it also advances their personal interests
The struggle for ____________ defines modern politics.
influence
"Suburban sprawl" is characterized by
low-density, single-family housing in areas that were formerly rural, leading to traffic congestion on roads not designed for significant population growth
Research shows that it is becoming more common for households in the United States to consist of
one adult
Childhood poverty is strongly associated with families with
one parent
Though it holds elections, China only permits members of its national Communist party to run. For this reason, China is not a democracy but a
one-party state
Among people who hold management positions, white men are
overrepresented at about the same rates as they were in the 1960s
Early anti-littering campaigns were often engineered by
packaging companies because this put responsibility for garbage on individual people rather than on the companies who make trash
In the world of elite jobs, "polish" is vaguely defined but tracks with a job candidate's
parents' socioeconomic status
In the United Kingdom, members of the national body of lawmakers are directly elected by voters, and then these federal legislators choose a leader from the dominant party. This system is an example of
parliamentary democracy
Many scientific articles about climate change have been published in scholarly journals. What percent of these deny that climate change is real or say that it is real but not caused by humans?
3%
Currently, more than two-thirds of people in the United States believe that same-sex couples should have the same legal rights as heterosexual couples. What age group shows the most support for this?
30 years of age and younger
Currently, approximately what percentage of children in the United States live in a single-parent household?
30%
Why, according to research by ethnographer Corey Abramson, do many older people fear and dislike the physical deterioration that often accompanies aging?
A functioning body allows a person to be independent and thus have more opportunities.
Which of the following is NOT a medical institution?
A hair salon
Who is most likely to have a high allostatic load?
A man who enjoys his low-stress job as a dog walker
Long-term data shows what trend in divorce rates in the U.S.?
An increase from 1960 to 1980, gradual decline since 1980, with today's divorce rate still higher than in 1960
Who developed the theory of the multiverse?
Andrei Linde in the 1980s
Which of the following answers includes all (and only) the religions that teach reincarnation as a tenet of the faith?
Buddhism and Hinduism
When politicians do not hold businesses accountable for their pollution, which of the following does NOT happen?
Businesses generate regulations within their own industries in order to make themselves accountable.
Students may take specific classes focused on history and laws, but they also learn about the rules of society, national history, and the major institutions of society as part of their
Citizenship education
Pit latrines (also called pit toilets) are a common kind of toilet in poorer nations. They collect human waste in a hole about 10 feet deep and 3 feet wide. While pit latrines can contribute to pollution of groundwater, they are much safer than open defecation. You are a sanitation engineer from a non-profit agency from a wealthy nation trying to convince people in a small town in a poor nation to replace open defecation with pit toilets. What strategy would work best?
Convincing local community leaders to install pit toilets around their own homes and businesses so that other members of the community can see these high-prestige people using them
Who, according to Allan Schnaiberg, bears most responsibility for the mass consumption that occurs in wealthy nations?
Corporations, which seek profit regardless of environmental damage
Which of the following does NOT, by definition, characterize the modern state?
Respect for the socially vulnerable
Which politician is known for bringing the "push poll" into public use?
Richard Nixon
What is the central argument of Abigail C. Saguy's 2013 book What's Wrong with Fat?
Fat in the U.S. is framed in a way that pathologizes fat bodies—which is to say, people who weigh more than is deemed appropriate by the medical industry.
Which field of study studies the aging process and the social implications of it?
Gerontology
Climate change is a huge threat to human existence, and yet most people cannot see that because they are busy living their lives. This is termed
Gidden's Paradox
Which of the following statements about the distribution of environmental risk is accurate?
Globally, people in rich and poor nations face the same environmental risk.
Which of the following is an example of a medical risk?
Having a parent who died of breast cancer
Which factor has been associated with a reduced likelihood of cohabitation?
Having extreme religious beliefs
What was the source of Galileo's conflict with the Catholic Church?
His teachings about the relationship between the sun and Earth
What is one reason why religious believers may be less lightly than people who are not religious to be concerned about climate change?
Historic attacks on religion from science have soured relationships between religion and science for some religious believers.
The most racially and ethnically diverse major city in the United States is
Houston
Efforts to keep the entire population healthy are termed
public health
Efforts to prevent disease, promote healthy behaviors, and pre-empt unhealthy ones through teaching are called
public health education
While visiting your favorite restaurant, you notice a sign in the restroom that says, "Handwashing prevents the spread of disease." It then illustrates the steps of careful handwashing, including using soap and hot water, washing between fingers and under rings, and rinsing thoroughly and drying hands on a disposable paper towel. This sign is an example of
public health education
PISA measures
reading, math, and science knowledge from students in more than 70 countries for comparison
Energy production from ______ is now the fastest-growing form of energy globally.
solar
Because newspapers can charge more for ads that target wealthy consumers, they
start to write stories that interest wealthy readers
The replacement rate is
the number of children that need to be born to each woman in order to sustain current population levels
Popular sovereignty is the idea that
the people should rule themselves through their government
According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements make standing claims when they state publicly that
the people the social group represents deserve to be included in society
A Day Without Immigrants actions seek to draw attention to
the positive social and economic impact of immigrants to the U.S.
In capitalism,
the production of goods and services are controlled by private companies and individuals, who use them to maximize profit
According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements make program claims when they state publicly that
the public should support or oppose specific policy changes that align with the social movement's goals
The infant mortality rate is a measure of
the rate of death of children under age 1 who die in a year
Epidemiology studies
the social dimensions of disease patterns to discover how diseases spread
According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements make identity claims when they state publicly that
the social movement and the people it represents are a unified force
In most political conflicts, ______________ the most power.
the state has
Demography is
the study of human populations
Corporations produce more than people need, and people consume more than they need, which leads to more production of things they don't need. This is Allan Schnaiberg's concept of
the treadmill of production
For most Americans who retire to a foreign country,
their privilege increases.
Recent research on birth order effects shows that
there is a modest relationship between birth order and social outcomes, such as educational attainment
Globally,
there is more immigration than ever before.
Research consistently suggests that anti-immigrant movements are motivated by all of the following EXCEPT
worry about competition for highly skilled jobs requiring significant education
In the U.S., as compared to the non-voters, voters are more likely to be each of the following EXCEPT
young
Urban planning includes
zoning laws to control growth
In his 1912 book Elementary Forms of Religious Life, which sociologist defined religion as a unified system of beliefs and practices related to sacred things, which unite adherents into a moral community?
Émile Durkheim
Married couples in the United States are afforded several key rights that are not available to other couples, including all of the following EXCEPT
paying only federal, not state or local, taxes as a married couple
In defining power, Max Weber argued that
people who have power should be prepared to defend it from those who want it if they want to keep it
Most power is exercised through
persuasion
In the medical model, a disability is
physical or mental defects located in the individual
According to the theory of ______________, the political opportunities available for successful social movement action occurs when there are changes in political alliances, political conflicts among elites, or when there are clear alliances that can be made with specific political groups.
political opportunity structure
Ancient Greeks worshipped a variety of gods, each associated with one or more domains of life, such as childbearing, agriculture, and warfare. This religion was
polytheistic
To overcome the demographic divide, immigrants may move from
poor countries to rich countries
Research clearly shows that parental conflict is associated with
poorer academic achievement and increased likelihood of substance abuse for children
Even in cases where marriage does not end in divorce, there is clear evidence that parental conflict is associated with
poorer academic achievement and increased likelihood of substance abuse for the children
A senator up for re-election talks about bringing down the cost of gasoline so that American drivers are not paying as much at the pump and so that shipping companies can save money—savings, he says, that will be passed on to the consumer. By focusing his concern on the financial cost of gas rather that the high environmental costs of gasoline use, the senator is
prioritizing short-term gains over long-term dangers
The first schools were
private, charging tuition from parents
In sociological terms, the opposite of something sacred is something
profane
Today, more than 80% of Americans are employed in
professional, technical, and service occupations
Organized, professional police departments arose to address crime in the
1800s
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognized women's right to vote?
19th
Today, approximately what percentage of married couples get divorced each year in the United States?
2%
On average, about what percentage of a working mother's income is spent on childcare if she has children who are too young for public school?
20%
Previously in U.S. history, in order to vote, you had to pay a tax at the poll. Such poll taxes prevented poor people from voting. They were eliminated with what amendment to the U.S. Constitution?
24th
In the United States today, approximately what percentage of all the children under the age of 18 live in immigrant families?
25%
Today, approximately what percentage of young adults in their 20s and 30s live with their parents?
25%
What type of custody involves the parents moving in and out of the house during their time of visitation, instead of the children moving?
"Bird's nest" custody
What question might a doctor ask an elderly patient during a medical exam that would help them understand how social factors might impact that person's health?
"Do you feel safe going outside for a walk in your neighborhood?"
Which 2006 documentary featuring Al Gore won an Academy Award for its argument that people must act to prevent climate disaster?
An Inconvenient Truth
________________ is ____________ spread over a large geographic area.
An epidemic, a pandemic
Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits bans on voting due to race?
15th
About one out of ____ students in U.S. schools reports daily instances of bullying.
10
Approximately what percentage of all children born in the United States today have parents who come from different racial groups?
10%
Today, approximately what percentage of the adult population is currently divorced at any given time?
10%
In the United States, approximately what percentage of adults live alone?
15%
Today, about _______ of people live in cities worldwide.
55%
Of the approximately 9 million people killed in the Holocaust, how many were Jewish?
6 million
In Israel, Jewish people make up ____ of the population.
75%
About what percentage of America's schoolchildren today attend a public school?
90%
Which of these factors did NOT contribute to economic acceleration during the Industrial Revolution?
A better educated workforce that was able to do the highly technical jobs required of industrialization
Which of the following is not an example of complementary and alternative medicine?
A bypass surgery to allow blood to flow to the heart
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, which of the following is considered a non-family household?
A cohabitating opposite-sex couple
What is one example of the power of physicians in the social sphere?
A doctor's note can excuse an ill child from school.
Whether measuring climate change in crop yields, loss of land due to rising sea levels, economic damage from floods and hurricanes, or changes in healthcare expenditures, the worst impacts will be felt in
Africa, Latin America, and South Asia
Which group is most likely to develop cancer?
African American men
What does ADA stand for?
Americans with Disabilities Act
How does credentialism reproduce inequality?
As less wealthy people finally achieve a college education, those who are more wealthy are earning graduate degrees, which are now required by jobs that previously required lower levels of education.
The world's first cities of more than 200,000 people included
Babylon in present-day Iran, Patna in present-day India, and Rome in present-day Italy
The 1970s television shows The Brady Bunch was one of the first to show this type of family, where Mike Brady marries Carol Martin. Mike's children, Greg, Peter, and Bobby become stepbrothers to Carol's children, Marcia, Jan, and Cindy. What term best describes this family type?
Blended family
In Hinduism, the Supreme Being, which is beyond human comprehension in its original essence, is
Brahman
What kind of power relies on the personal qualities of a leader in order to convince others to act in a particular way?
Charismatic authority
Despite its long history of religious persecution, this nation is home to almost half of the world's Buddhists.
China
Which nation currently produces more greenhouse gasses than any other?
China
Which nation is now the global leader in renewable energy production and manufacturing?
China
Which kind of power uses rewards and punishments to motivate desired behavior?
Coercive power
In Christianity, which ritual re-enacts, commemorates, honors, or symbolizes the last meal that Jesus ate before his execution?
Communion
Most of the decline in the divorce rate since 1980 has occurred within which group?
Couples with more education
______________ focuses on ending a disease in a person's life and supporting their recovery to their pre-disease state, while ________________ seeks to stop a disease from occurring in the first place and _______ provides pain relief and psychological and social support for a person suffering from a disease.
Curative medical care, preventative medical care, palliative medical care
The policy that permitted people brought to the U.S. without documentation by their parents to remain in the U.S. rather than to be deported to a nation where they may have had few or no connections and did not understand the language or culture was called
DACA
In sociological terms, what is the difference between disease and the illness experience?
Disease happens within the physical body, but the illness experience is the way that physical reality is understood and managed by the people experiencing it.
What was the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas?
Dividing students by race in public schools inherently treated them as if they were not equal.
What holiday was first organized in 1970 as an environmental teach-in?
Earth Day (April 22)
By the end of the 16th century, there were three major branches of Christianity. They were:
Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism
What explains the higher rate of HIV infection among educated women in Kenya as compared to uneducated women, according to Sanyu Mojola's book Love, Money, and HIV (2014)?
Educated women have few well-paying job prospects and so turn to sex work to support their consumer habits.
Which of the following is an example of a push factor in immigration?
Ethnic cleansing of people of your ethnic group in the nation you are leaving
In the Harry Potter series, Harry goes to live with his maternal aunt, Petunia, her husband, and their child (Harry's cousin). What term best describes this family type?
Extended family
This field of study's main goal is to document how family members are related to each other.
Genealogy
Which 2017 hurricane destroyed more than 100,000 homes in Houston, Texas?
Hurricane Harvey
Which perspective on health, illness, and medicine focuses on the need for policy and medical interventions that address the interlocking systems of power at the structural and cultural level as well as at the level of individual patients?
Intersectional approach
You are a member of your city's disaster preparedness team preparing for a hurricane to make landfall. While you will be thinking about each of the questions below, which one reflects risk management thinking?
Is it safer to release low-level offenders from prison so that they can evacuate themselves or to keep them in the city jail with few guards, increasing the chance of violence within the jail, including against guards?
Which religion's sacred objects include the mosque and the crescent and star?
Islam
Which nation was formed as a homeland for Jewish people worldwide?
Israel
Worldwide, there are just under 15 million Jews, with the largest population in ___________ and the second largest in ______________.
Israel, the United States
Why was Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species so controversial when it was published in 1859?
It argued that humans were subject to evolution.
What world event helped Christianity spread rapidly after a few centuries of being a minor and persecuted religion?
Its adoption as the official religion of the Roman Empire
Which of the following groups would meet Talcott Parsons' definition of "family of origin" for Jessica?
Jessica, her mother, her father, and her two older brothers
Some religious texts are shared by
Jews and Christians and Muslims
In 1968, physicist Anthony Hewish won the Nobel Prize, but the work he was credited for was performed by
Jocelyn Bell
The first modern research university in the U.S. was
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore
How can journalism's effort to report without bias contribute to climate change denialism?
Journalists often try to present "both sides of a story," but claims that climate change is not real or has no human causes is not credible, so including that "side" of this story suggests that there is scientific debate when there is, in reality, strong consensus.
Which of the Abrahamic religions is oldest?
Judaism
Which religion's sacred objects include the Star of David and the tallit?
Judaism
Which of the following is not a major branch of Hinduism?
Kabballah
The work of which sociologist inspired movements against capitalism around the world?
Karl Marx
Liberation theology, which has a focus on human rights and criticizes global capitalism, developed within Christianity during the 1950s, especially in what region of the world?
Latin America
What was the name of the suburb built outside of New York City after World War II that is often seen as the model suburb?
Levittown
Which state consistently performs very well on measures of K-12 student performance?
Massachusetts
The only African nation in which the most popular religion is Hinduism is
Mauritius
_______________ occurs when a small number of companies control a disproportionately large share of the media audience.
Media consolidation
How did the rise of an urban business class in the early days of capitalism contribute to violence?
Merchants seeking new markets encouraged their governments to take territories overseas.
Which of the following groups of people would meet Talcott Parson's definition of a "family of procreation"?
Michelle and Barack Obama and their daughters Malia and Sasha
In what part of the world did Judaism originate?
Middle East
Why did capitalism begin to replace feudalism?
More crops were being produced than could be consumed locally, turning farming from a subsistence activity that one did to survive into a for-profit business.
Which statement about school demographics is accurate?
More than 90% of the children of the world now go to school.
The religion of Islam is organized around the teachings of a prophet named
Muhammad
Alice recently passed away and left her estate to her children, Jim and Pam, and asked for it to be split equally among them. This is an example of what type of kindship system?
Multilineal
Which of the following values is NOT one of the four basic values that Robert Merton discovered among scientists?
National interest, which says that scientific discoveries should first benefit the people of the nation the scientist is a member of
Thomas Malthus was the first demographer to argue that
Nations should implement policies to prevent population growth from overwhelming agricultural production.
You live in a nation where the birth rate is above the replacement rate but is slowing. At the same time, people are living longer, but the nation has no public pension plan, so many people who are old are very poor. Many younger workers emigrate, leaving the nation in pursuit of better economic opportunity elsewhere. Where do you live?
Nigeria
Introduced by President George W. Bush in 2001, _____________ is the name of federal legislation that requires yearly standardized testing of public school students in a variety of disciplines. Feedback: No Child Left Behind is the name of the unpopular legislation, which remains in place.
No Child Left Behind
Can you ever escape a risk society?
No, because new risks emerge with new technologies, business practices, and political policies.
In the Harry Potter series, Hermione Granger is an only child, born to a mother and father who are dentists. What term best describes this family type?
Nuclear family
Dominic and Patrick are building a house together. They tell their architect that they want to use clean energy to provide power to their house. Which of the following would the architect NOT suggest?
Oil, which is burned in a furnace to heat the house
All of the following are examples of global cities EXCEPT
Texarkana (which spans the Texas and Arkansas border)
Is it harder to dismiss an executive leader in a presidential or parliamentary system?
Parliamentary, because the legislature can vote for removal.
In December 2014, Prince Albert and Princess Charlene of Monaco had twins, Princess Gabrielle and Prince Jacques. Princess Gabriella was born two minutes before Prince Jacques, but the laws of succession state that Prince Jacques will one day inherit the throne. What term best describes this type of kinship system?
Patrilineal
Which of these statements about the distribution of environmental risk is accurate?
People of color in the U.S. face greater environmental risk than do white people.
Who, from the list below, is most likely to get married?
People who are high-status students and attend college
Which of the following statements about the place of physicians in U.S. society is NOT accurate?
Physicians have always been among the most respected professionals in American society.
What is one reason why Lyndon B. Johnson, the incumbent president, did not seek re-election in 1968?
Polls showed that the Vietnam War was very unpopular and, as a consequence, Americans did not support his leadership and would not vote for him again.
According to research on religious violence, fundamentalists from what kind of nation are most likely to engage in violence to dramatize their cause, announce their presence, or strike at the symbols of the societies they are trying to dominate?
Poor nations with few social services
Which of the following statements about the distribution of environmental risk is accurate?
Poor people face greater environmental risk than rich people.
Pope Francis is Argentinian. This makes him the first leader of the Catholic Church who is not European since
Pope Gregory III in 731
Which U.S. island saw nearly one-third of its homes destroyed in 2017's Hurricane Maria?
Puerto Rico
During which month are Muslims to fast—that is, not to eat or drink between sunrise and sunset?
Ramadan
What kind of power relies on an appeal to clearly defined rules?
Rational-legal authority
During the Holocaust, Nazis required Jewish people to identify themselves by wearing a particular religious symbol on their clothing and marking their passports this way. What symbol was it?
Star of David
Which theory of social movement explains events like the 1965 Watts riots in Los Angeles?
Structural strain
_____________ theory connects structural inequalities, grievances, and social movements.
Structural strain
Most of the world's Muslims are
Sunni
________ is a type of political activity in which the meanings associated with a political action are just as important as the policies or the social changes being proposed.
Symbolic politics
Steve Jobs, the now deceased former leader of Apple, credited what for inspiring some of his design choices in the Mac computer?
Taking a course in calligraphy
What is the most important underlying principle of custody agreements?
That the children are spending enough time with each parent to maintain close bonds with each parent
Which organization monitors the immediate healthy and safety of the U.S. population?
The CDC
Which of the following is not a Protestant denomination?
The Catholic Church
Which book argues that argues that the continuous quest for economic growth encourages businesses to pursue strategies that cause environmental damage?
The Environment: From Surplus to Scarcity
Which political party's platform focuses on environmental issues?
The Green Party
What major world event accelerated urbanization in the U.S. and Europe during the 1800s?
The Industrial Revolution
Which world event led to the first international trial for crimes against humanity?
The Nazi genocide of Jews and the murders of millions of others in concentration camps during World War II
We struggle to act on climate change because we are preoccupied with the urgent but less important work of everyday life and cannot easily see how the abstract but looming problem of environmental disaster is a major concern, is the argument made in
The Politics of Climate Change by Anthony Giddens
Which of the following is a source of religious authority and teaching for Muslims?
The Quran
In 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional an Arkansas law that prohibited the teaching of evolution, saying in Epperson v. Arkansas that the state could not allow teaching to be "tailored to the principles or prohibitions of any religious sect." This decision invalidated any state law that prohibited the teaching of evolution, such as the law at the center of
The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
Which of the following is a source of religious authority and teaching for Buddhists?
The Sutras
Which sacred texts do believers say recorded the words and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama?
The Sutras
Which of the following is a source of religious authority and teaching for Jewish believers?
The Torah
Which nations must address the challenges of a population that includes a high ratio of old to young people?
The U.S., Japan, and Germany
Which nation currently accepts more immigrants than any other in the world?
The United States
Why have environmental movements typically been more successful in Europe, North America, and Asia?
The affluence of nations in those places allows people to engage in a post-material politics.
Which statement about the relationship between birth and date rates globally is accurate?
The death rate has declined faster than the birth rate.
Which of the following is a source of religious authority and teaching for Christians?
The gospels
Which religious text is seen by believers as a record of the life of Jesus?
The gospels
How were the interests of white slave owners protected through the Electoral College?
The law allowed states with slavery to count enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for purposes of the U.S. Census, which determines how many electors a state is awarded, without giving enslaved people the right to vote.
Which statement accurately describes trends in religion in the U.S. today?
The number of people who claim no religious identity, even if they are not hostile to religion, continues to rise.
Why were the physicians who were treating Lia Lee in Anne Fadiman's The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down (1997) frustrated with her parents?
The parents did not view their daughter's condition as something that should be treated with Western medicine.
Which of the following is a pull factor in immigration?
The presence of a family member in the nation you want to move to
What did Émile Durkheim mean by a "moral education"?
The role of the school in encouraging discipline, embedding students in social groups, and reinforcing self-determination and autonomy
Which of the following statements is accurate?
The world's older population is increasing faster than its young one.
Why are African American households more likely than white households to have exposure to lead from their environment
They are often poorer, which means they are less able to move into places where lead exposure is lessened.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why poor nations may resist global policies to address environmental damage?
They have less to fear from climate change and so less motivation to address it.
Which of the following is NOT a common reason why people reject the sick role?
They wish to remain ill or see their condition worsen.
In general, what kind of environmental movement has been most successful?
Those asking ordinary people to make changes to their everyday habits
Why might a physician choose to achieve cultural competence?
To serve patients with respect
AIPAC is a lobby that promotes
US support for Jewish people and Israel
At the start of the Great Recession in 2008, many students in graduate programs who were near the completion of their degree decided to slow their progress to graduation in order to avoid entering a job market that had few jobs available. This trend supports which theory of education?
Warehousing
Which part of the world listed here has seen the largest decline in engagement with Christianity?
Western Europe
Which of the following statements about disease is accurate?
What is considered a disease varies from culture to culture.
At what point in the illness experience do you become a patient?
When you seek healthcare
Which of the following statements about the place of complementary and alternative medicine in the U.S. health system is accurate?
While Americans spend significant amounts of money on complementary and alternative medicine, this is just a small percentage of the total amount of money spent on healthcare each year.
Regarding heterosexual couples who get divorced, which statement is true?
Wives tend to experience significantly larger declines in economic well-being than their husbands.
Who is most likely to be a single parent in the United States today?
Women
WHO is an acronym that stands for
World Health Organization
Which environmental organization's focus is on wildlife protection?
World Wildlife Fund
Who out of the following is most likely to delay marriage?
Yolanda, a single female who is a Harvard professor, has a Ph.D. in chemistry, and makes $180,000 per year.
The HI-B is
a category of temporary visas for immigrant workers to enter the U.S. if they are highly-educated in a specialized occupation
All of the following are rituals EXCEPT
a child rushing home from school to watch his favorite cartoon show every afternoon
The term "demographic divide" describes
a general pattern of global population growth, in which poor countries have higher birth rates and shorter life expectancies, while wealthy countries have lower birth rates and longer life expectancies
In Western approaches to science, there is
a hierarchy of sciences, with physics and other natural sciences at the top and the social sciences at the bottom
Recent research shows that conflicts over parenting styles impacts all members of the family and is associated with
a higher probability of marital dissolution
A citizen is someone who is
a legal member of a nation-state
Between 50% and 75% of sources for news stories are
government sources
According to Paul Starr's analysis in The Transformation of American Medicine ([1987] 2017), the American Medical Association is
a lobbying group that seeks to restrict the practice of medicine to its stakeholders and prevent potential competitors from encroaching on its markets
A cosmology is
a model for understanding how the world is organized and how it works
The neurodiversity movement argues that
a range of neurological conditions are a normal part of human variation
"Bird's nest" custody is best suited for
a short time period
An imaginary, perfect world in which there is no conflict, hunger, or unhappiness—whether achieved through the perfection of science, morality, religion, or some other system—is called
a utopia
The environmental group Greenpeace began with a protest that successful persuaded the U.S. to
abandon nuclear testing in Alaska
In a nation where a monarch has total authority over the government, the monarchy is
absolute
Prior to 1983, when no-fault divorce laws became common among most states in the U.S., a person needed to prove that their spouse was at fault in order to divorce. The kinds of behaviors that could result in divorce included
adultery, mental illness, and substance abuse
The birth rate in the United States has increased the fastest among women
aged 35 and older
The stories that the major news organizations emphasize influence the topics that people discuss with each other, in their face-to-face conversations as well as on social media platforms. This is evidence of
agenda-setting
"At-will" employment laws
allow employers to fire employees without cause
The Paris Agreement
allows each nation to set its own targets for reducing pollution
In 2011, Japan faced a major environmental crisis when
an earthquake and the tsunami it created overwhelmed a nuclear power plant leading to three nuclear meltdowns and the release of nuclear contaminants
A straw poll is
an informal test of public opinion, not seen as predictive of a final result of an election but serving as a kind of picture of current levels of support for candidates in that moment
Families encourage us to distinguish between our private family life and the public world that exists outside of our home, providing us with a set of rules that help us to think about how we are related to each other and how we should act in a given social situation. In this way, family is an example of
an institution
An organization that brings people together on the basis of a common issue, which attempts to influence political decision-makers on topics that are related to that issue is called
an interest group
In 1989, Alaska faced a major environmental crisis when
an oil tanker rammed a reef, spilling 10.8 million gallons of oil into environmentally important and fragile waterways
Most nations of the world
are majority Christian
The global elite
are more connected to other global cities than to the region where they primarily live
According to research, married women are more likely to keep their last names if they
are single mothers and have an advanced degree.
While the medical model of disability sees certain bodies as defective, a sociological model
argues that social, economic, and environmental factors—like whether a society makes it possible for people who use wheelchairs to be mobile in the public sphere—are part of the creation of a disability
In 1959, C. P. Snow, who was both a novelist and a physicist, delivered a famous speech at Cambridge University. Titled "The Two Cultures," it argued that
artificial divisions between the sciences and humanities was preventing people from solving some of the world's most important problems
Genetic testing is
available through private companies
In 2019, the U.S. Department of Energy, under the presidency of Donald Trump, began to revise rules about dishwasher design. Previously, dishwashers were required to use less water and energy, which required them to use more time in order to clean dishes effectively. The new rule would allow dishwashers to consume more water and energy in order to operate faster. The argument about dishwasher energy use became a symbolic fight for many Trump supporters in the fight against environmental regulation. Their support for a measure that uses water and energy unnecessarily is an example of
backlash
For people to act on climate change, they need to
believe that their actions matter
According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, when did the modern economy emerge?
between 1450 and 1640 in Europe
In most public pension systems around the world, people are eligible to begin receiving full benefits
between the ages of 65 and 67
Internships for college students emerged from the
business schools
In a presidential system, unlike a parliamentary system,
c
Living in a risk society means that people
cannot protect themselves from risk-produced crisis
A nuclear family, defined as a traditional image of a family, pictures a heterosexual couple living together with their
children
Trends in cohabitation and marriage show that
cohabitation is less likely now, than in the past, to end in marriage
According to Philip Smith and Nicholas Howe, former vice-president Al Gore has been a successful spokesperson for addressing climate change because he
compellingly communicates his own story of developing an environmental consciousness
One advantage that a parliamentary democracy has over a presidential one is that
compromise is typically easier to reach
The National Institute of Health
conducts biomedical research
When urban and suburban areas grow together to create a single, geographically large metropolitan area, this is called
conurbation
The goal of persuasive power is to
convince others that a request for a particular action is legitimate
Max Weber noted in his research that college degrees had become a requirement for employment as a manager in a bureaucracy—even to the exclusion of people without a college degree being excluded from these jobs, even if they could perform the duties well. Weber was observing
credential inflation
When Donna started her work as a telephone operator in 1960, she did not have a high school diploma. Now, her granddaughter hopes to apply for the same job, but the ad for the job says that a "four-year college degree" is a preferred job qualification. Though the work of the job is slightly different than it was in 1960, what a student studies in college is fairly irrelevant to what the job duties actually are. This is an example of
credential inflation
When your favorite soft drink includes a statement on its plastic bottle saying that it is made of 100% recycled materials, the soft drink company is
encouraging brand loyalty through the advertising of its environmental friendliness
The study of how genes interact with wider natural and social environments is called
epigenetics
If you are trying to gain insight into why you believe what you believe, you are studying your own
epistemology
Ecological modernization theory says that people will develop sustainable practices to lower environmental risk as
expert knowledge becomes more available and people's consciousness is raised
A group of people related by biological, legal, or emotional ties is called a
family
Industrialization changed how people work by demanding
fewer skills of them
The difference between migration flow and migration stock, in terms of measuring and observing immigration as a social phenomenon, is
flow describes the number of people coming and leaving another country given period of time, while stock describes the total number of immigrants in a nation in a particular moment
In most schools, the prestige hierarchy among students
follows the patterns of prestige in the broader society
Which of the following people has not been an outspoken critic of religion?
former Apple executive Steve Jobs
The election of Pope Francis in 2013 marked the first time that a pope was
from North or South America
Compared to the average America, members of Congress are more likely to be all of the following EXCEPT
from a low-status occupation
Young children learn about ___________ by watching the different clothes their parents wear, who does the cooking, who does the cleaning, and the different expectations for sons and daughters in the family.Young children learn about ___________ by watching the different clothes their parents wear, who does the cooking, who does the cleaning, and the different expectations for sons and daughters in the family.
gender
In the largest and fastest-growing scientific fields,
gender-based job disparity is even worse than it is in other scientific fields
The study of how genes function in the biological system is called
genetics
A poor neighborhood in an urban area includes several buildings that are in disrepair. Though many people living there are older adults who have owned their homes for decades, rising costs of living make it difficult for them to feel financially secure. Even though the neighborhood lacks resources like sidewalks, the cost of real estate is high enough to make buying a house affordable for young adults, and so many people who grew up there have moved out of the area. Real estate investors have begun to purchase decrepit buildings and tear them down, then replace them with commercial buildings that they think will appeal to wealthier people, including people willing to commute to a tech company in a different part of the city. This, in turn, causes property values—and, subsequently, taxes—to rise in the neighborhood. More people are considering selling their houses in order to take advantage of the higher property values, but they would be unable to purchase a new home in the area if they do so. The neighborhood is undergoing
gentrification
From the 12th century onward, Jews in Europe and Russia were often forced to live in segregated sections of cities in poor, crowded neighborhoods called
ghettos
A doctor who adopts an intersectional health perspective will
give attention to the concrete, historical contexts and actual lived experiences of the kinds of people they serve
All of the following are examples of the "experience economy" EXCEPT
going to Disney World as an adult because you feel slighted that you were never taken there as a child
On almost every continent, population growth
is below replacement rate
A green roof like those mandated by law on new buildings with slopes of less than 30 degrees in Copenhagen, Denmark
is covered in plants to absorb rainwater and reduce stormwater runoff and help lower the temperature of a city
People are most likely to follow the medical advice given in a pamphlet if
it focuses on one specific, one-time thing they can do, like get a mammogram or a flu shot d. it introduces them to a new procedure or behavioral change that they had never heard about before
While there is no question that genetic inheritance shapes the demography of health,
it is also true that social context always matters
Internal migration is different from immigration in that
it is within a nation
In the U.S., some states now require public school districts to monitor and report on the success of their high school graduates in the job market for years after graduation. The hope is that this will pressure high schools to give more attention to
job training
A form of a transnational family in Korea, where the mother lives with the children in a foreign country while the father stays behind to work, is called
kirogi, or "wild geese" families
According to research on why people resist acting to protect the environment, people are more likely to change their habits if they
learn about the environment in ways that are connected to their other socialization and cultural experiences
Research shows that women who marry ________ are more likely to be criticized and punished for their desire to keep their unmarried name.
less educated and less wealthy men
Fictional media families, when compared to families in the real world, tend to be
less likely to be chronically ill
In wealthier nations, people over the age of 65 are
less likely to be working than are elderly people in poorer nations
When compared to families in the real world, fictional media families are
less likely to have single parents
Children of divorced parents tend to have higher
likelihood of their own marriages ending in divorce
The ability to read, write, and communicate is called
literacy
Worldwide, since the implementation of mandatory schooling in more nations,
literacy has rapidly increased
The "Keep America Beautiful Campaign" is aimed at stopping
littering
People hired to meet with lawmakers to convince them to vote for legislation that supports the goal of the interest group that hired them are, by profession,
lobbyists
Precarious employment is characterized by
low wages, the elimination of benefits such as health insurance or retirement funds, and virtually no long-term security
People often move from cities to suburban areas to live in a place with
lower population density
The overall trend in global demographics is
lowered birth rates and lowered death rates
Mass production
lowered wages for workers but increased wealth for those who owned factories
The goal of patients with chronic disease is typically
management, not cure
Most work during the Industrial Revolution required
manual strength and tolerance for boredom
Actors Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have several children together: Maddox (who was adopted by Jolie in Cambodia), Zahara (who was adopted by Jolie in Ethiopia), Shiloh (their first child together), Pax (who Jolie adopted from Vietnam), and their biological twins Knox and Vivienne, who were born in France. Pitt legally adopted Maddox and Zahara after being with Jolie for a year. However, when Pitt wanted to co-adopt Pax with Jolie after being together for almost three years, he was denied as Vietnam adoption law does not allow for unmarried couples to co-adopt. This is an example of bias in favor of
marriage
Kinship systems include the words to describe relatives, the attitudes about different kinds of relatives, and the rules about
marriage
Sharon and Tabitha are cohabitating partners who have been together for nine years. Sharon has a spinal cord disability due to a car accident 12 years ago. They have decided to continue cohabitating, instead of getting married, because Sharon receives Social Security Disability benefits and would see a decrease or loss of benefits once she and Tabitha marry. This is an example of bias in favor of
marriage
From the perspectives of poor nations, environmental regulation at the global level
may be seen as a way for wealthy nations to force poor ones to import expensive green technologies and thus increase dependency on wealthy nations
When what was previously considered an inconvenience, a normal variation of human biology, an individual quirk, or a social problem is redefined as a medical problem, it has undergone the process of
medicalization
The social response to illness that attempts to identify, prevent, and cure disease is termed
medicine
A lobbyist for the coal industry might
meet with politicians to convince them of the safety of the coal industry
Death by suicide is four times more likely among _________ than among _________.
men, women
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a collection of kingdoms, each ruled by a single ruler, a sheikh, with the position of rule being handed down through family lines. Each of the seven kingdoms has autonomy, but they also work together, with their seven leaders forming the Federal Supreme Council. In this way, the UAE is a federation of
monarchies
Compared to a sect, a denomination is typically
more established
Recent research shows that highly educated, professionally successful, and high-earning people are __________ than ever to marry one another.
more likely
Over time, globally,
more of the cost of schooling children has fallen to the government
Historically, there have been
more stable and successful parliamentary systems of government than presidential ones.
Most of the work of homeschooling falls to
mothers
All of the following are ways that employers increase profits EXCEPT
moving factories to areas of the world with strong traditions of laborers' rights
In a parliamentary system, extended gridlock (failure of the federal legislature to act on issues of public concern) often leads to
new elections
The modern environmental movement was first inspired by concerns about
nuclear power and nuclear weapons
Recent research shows that women living in poor communities often want to get married, but feel they should wait to do so until they have financial stability. However, they are often stuck in low-paying jobs with little room for advancement that leads to this financial stability. In addition, they tend to view being a mother as the most meaningful thing they can do and the most important source of identity in their lives. Thus, according to research, women living in poor communities tend to
realize they have a low likelihood of financial stability and finding a suitable partner to marry, thus having children without a suitable partner to marry.
Credentialism enables employers to hire people more efficiently because it
reduces the number of job applications they have to seriously consider
To be secular means to be
relatively uninfluenced by religion
The use of student evaluations of courses in college is flawed in each of the following ways EXCEPT that they
reliably measure whether a student was engaged in the course
In a post-secular society,
religious ideas and scientific ideas learn from each other
If you wanted to follow Philip Smith and Nicholas Howe's advice for convincing people to act on climate change, you could
remind people of the times the world has defeated other evils, like Nazis
Katerina and Josef immigrated to the United States from Poland, settling in western Pennsylvania. Katerina opened a bakery out of their home and Josef worked in the coal mines. Every few months, Katerina would send money to her younger brother, Ernst, who still lived in Poland. As Katerina and Josef's children were born and became old enough to work, they entered the coal mines and worked in the local grocery store, continuing to send money back to Uncle Ernst until he had saved enough to immigrate to the United States, as well. The money that Katerina, Josef, and their children sent to Ernst is termed
remittances
Because it pushes most students into tracks that led to either a vocation or higher education starting at age 10, the German educational system has been criticized for
reproducing inequality by pushing students into tracks before their talents and abilities are clear
The theory of __________ links social movement success to theory resources of money, legitimacy, facilities and labor.
resource mobilization
People in ___________ nations live, on average, more than 30 years longer than people in ___________ nations.
rich, poor
The gender revolution in the 1970s in the United States
saw an awareness raised around women's traditional roles as caregivers and contemporary roles as workers
One perhaps unintentional consequence of the linking funding for schools to the performance of students on standardized tests is that
school subjects that are not subject to standardized testing receive less attention from teachers
The higher levels of consumption in wealthy societies is associated with
significantly higher levels of per-capita waste
When ordinary people collaborate to create social change using channels outside of traditional politics, such as voting, they are part of a
social movement
Sociology provides a good background for people wanting to become marriage and family therapists because of the emphasis on
social relationships and social institutions
Members of a family can share the daily tasks that are necessary for survival, including cooking, cleaning, and caring for infants. These are a few examples of how a family can provide
social support
A mammogram (a scan of the breasts) recently revealed that Lorraine has a small breast lump. She will have to return for further testing to determine if it is benign (harmless) or malignant (cancerous and dangerous). When she calls to tell her elderly mother the news, her mother responds by saying, "I told you that you eat too much sugar and refined carbohydrates!" In attempting to blame Lorraine's diet for her possible disease, Lorraine's mother is trying to
stigmatize her daughter
Each of the following is a demographic challenge for wealthy nations EXCEPT
stress on the agricultural system's ability to feed the national population
Paradise Valley, Arizona is about 25 minutes away from Phoenix by car, so many people choose to live in this town of just under 13,000 people and commute to Phoenix, which has 1.6 million residents, for work. Paradise Valley is more than 95% white. Most residents are married, with about one-third having children in the home. The average household income is more than double that of residents of Phoenix. Paradise Valley is a
suburb of Phoenix
Higher levels of cultural capital are associated with
success in school
Hazing in medicine might look like
supervising physicians forcing medical students to stay awake for long hours unnecessarily in order to prove their "toughness"
Many anti-smoking campaigns are funded by
taxes on tobacco products
Today, the majority of the world's Christians live in places
that were colonized by European nations
The use of standardized tests in U.S. public education can be traced to
the 1840s
In 2010, the states of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida faced a major environmental crisis when
the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, spilling oil into the water for 6 months before being sealed
The Muslim Tawrat is the same as
the Jewish Torah
All of the following are examples of monotheistic religions EXCEPT
the Serer religion of Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania, which has a supreme deity (Roog) and many minor deities
The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are called
the Torah
Between 1864 and 1924, more than half of immigrants leaving Europe came to
the U.S.
Today, most of the Jewish people in the world live in Israel and
the U.S.
Concentrated disadvantage describes the way that
the already-disadvantaged suffer the most from environmental risk
The public sphere is
the collection of places where private individuals and elected officials gather together to discuss matters of common concern
The Industrial Revolution contributed to all of the following EXCEPT
the development of the farm-to-table movement, which stresses eating local foods
A diaspora is
the dispersion of a people group from an ancestral land
Brexit refers to
the effort of some people in England to dissolve England's relationship with the European Union
In the U.S., full-time work is typically defined as year-round work of 40 hours per week, not including mandatory but unpaid lunch breaks, with two weeks of vacation. However, this is a relatively recent development in American history, going back only to the 1940s with the creation of social welfare programs such as Social Security; for most of world history, people worked far fewer hours than Americans do today, and globally, contemporary Americans work far more hours than their peers in other nations. The fact that most Americans consider non-disabled people 23-65 who do not work these hours to be lazy is a sign of
the hegemonic power of capitalism to convince us that paid employment is normal and should be expected of every adult of a certain age
For people who experience hardship early in life but who overcome it,
the impact of early hardships have a negative impact on health in old age
The Labor Movement's successes include all of the following EXCEPT
the international outlawing of dangerous working conditions
According to many educators, learning a broad range of information and skills is more useful to students because
the jobs of the future do not yet exist, and the skills we are teaching today to children for the jobs that are available today will be useless by the time children enter the workforce
Conservation movements, which led to the development of the U.S.'s National Parks Service, began in
the late 1800s
In a parliamentary system, as compared to a presidential one,
the leader of the nation is a member of the legislature
From the early 20th century until the 1960s, immigration to the U.S. was restricted by a quota based on
the nation of origin of an immigrant
Public health policy consists of
the norms, rules, and laws that shape public health behavior
Presidents, in contrast to leaders in parliamentary systems, may be more likely to be seen as leaders for all the people of their nation, not just some of them, because
they are elected by the people, even if indirectly, not by a political party
One reason why hurricanes have been increasingly dangerous is because more people live in areas where they hit. Another is that
they are more powerful
Americans and Canadians who retire to Central America commonly cite all of the following reasons for going there EXCEPT
they are returning to places where they have ancestral roots
Multinational corporations are able to prevent the implementation of policies to address pollution because
they threaten to shift production to nations with more lax regulations—so the air pollution will occur somewhere regardless of a single nation's laws against it
The Matthew effect says that, in general,
those who have early advantages in their career in science are more likely than those who do not to have further advantages over the course of their career
The increasing rate of boomerang kids can be attributed to many factors, including carrying increased student loan debt, the decision to marry later in life than in previous generations, and being
unemployed or under-employed
When participation in schooling is mandatory for people in a certain age range, we say that it is
universal
Today, most of the world's population increase is in
urban areas in developing nations
The WHO considers the likelihood of future epidemics and pandemics to be
very high
In a constitutional monarchy, the power of the king or queen is
very limited
The majority of potential buyers in London's wealthiest neighborhoods are
very wealthy people from other nations
In general, people in nations marked by ___________ have shorter life expectancies.
violent conflict
Medieval cities remained relatively small because
walls around the city designed to protect them from attack also preventing them from growing
Typically, doctors have more epistemic privilege than patients. This is because they
went to medical school
In a parliamentary system, members of the national legislature vote on a new national leader
whenever they want, with notice
Most Christians, Muslims, and Hindus live in a place
where they are in the majority religion
Research on the "second shift" of housework reveals that, in heterosexual couples,
women take on more of the second shift work
In every society, ____________, on average, live longer than ___________.
women..., men
