Sociology Final

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

Medication replaced counseling.

A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as:

a panel study.

The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of:

a repeated cross-sectional survey.

Ugo's promotion to regional manager at Sears with a higher salary and more prestige is an example of what type of vertical social mobility?

ascending

What you do in the social world should be a direct result of who you are in the natural world. This statement refers to:

biological determinism.

Who is more likely to die young?

black male

Which of the following is an example of a quantitative research method?

conducting a survey about how often people attend church

C. Wright Mills had a negative view of the elite-mass dichotomy. His viewpoint fits into what paradigm?

conflict

Harry's study compared how the posts on Craigslist of "men seeking women" differed from the posts of "women seeking men." What research method was Harry using when he compared how often men and women mentioned particular characteristics (e.g., attractive, sexy, athletic, professional, educated)?

content analysis

LeeAnn is a graduate student in sociology who studies media depictions of gun violence in popular films such as Rambo and Scarface. Her choice of methods is known as:

content analysis.

The differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged positions of ____________ in America, who have the freedom to pick and choose their identities and freely show their ethnic backgrounds.

whites

An essentialist would argue which of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring?

Women find occupations that involve caring more suitable to their nature.

Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is:

a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences

The modern capitalist society is an example of which type of society?

bourgeois

Ontological equality is the notion that:

everyone is created equal by divine design.

Sometimes individuals seek to assert or increase their status, not just through occupation but also through:

living in gated communities

The comparison between the Burakumin and the Japanese shows that race is:

not just about physical or biological differences.

Sandra is doing research on cheating among students at Duke University. The student body at Duke will serve as her:

population.

The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ____________ than people commonly believe.

smaller

A market researcher who asks an ordered series of questions intended to elicit information from research respondents is administering a(n):

survey

Each society has a type of social stratification. How does the United States ideologically justify its type of stratification system?

A person is in complete control over the class he or she is in. Hard work (or lack of it) determines class

Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between individual behavior and health?

As nicotine consumption decreases, life expectancy increases.

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

Which of the following aligns with the arguments of black feminism?

Black women face unique oppressions that white women, and even black men, do not.

Which of the following is true regarding value judgments made by sociologists conducting research?

Every sociologist makes some value judgments, even about the problems and topics he or she chooses to study.

According to Peggy McIntosh (1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate?

If you are white, you don't have to think much about your racial identity.

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

It gave physicians more economic clout.

There are advantages and disadvantages to different interview techniques. What might be an advantage that structured interviews have over unstructured, open-ended interviews?

It is easier to make careful tabulations and comparisons of answers.

John Gray, author of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992), takes the position that the different temperaments, emotions, and languages of males and females are rooted in:

It offers the appeal of easy-to-grasp, commonsense generalizations

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?

More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.

Which of the following is one of the reasons why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given?

Our understanding of, categorizations of, and behaviors toward what it means to be a man or woman have changed throughout history

Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"?

Parsons's sex role theory

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

Which of the following is the best example of a correlation?

People with higher levels of income tend to enjoy better overall health.

Which of the following might be an advantage of participant observation research?

The researcher can uncover what people do rather than simply what they say they do.

Anthropologist Don Kulick (1998) conducted an ethnography of the transgender prostitutes in Brazil, known as travesti. Which of the following did he find to be true?

The travesti think of themselves as men who emulate women, but are not women.

In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group, such as:

They are uncivilized and barbaric.

It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?

When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.

Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that deceptive distinctions are those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy, rather than from some innate force. Which of the following is an example of deceptive distinctions?

a boy who is a football player and acts fearless and bold

If a sociologist studies one high school in a study of the effectiveness of its Parent-Teacher Association, he or she is using which of the following research methods?

a case study.

Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather, it is:

a social construction.

Which of the following is an example of a panel survey (also known as a longitudinal study)?

a study of 500 fourth-grade students who are then contacted every two years for an eight-year period in follow-up studies

If we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:

although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.

Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?

class

Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or through nonviolent protest?

collective resistance

Because they are an accessible population, sociologists sometimes use undergraduate students in their research. In relation to the concept of generalizability in science, this tendency could represent a potential defect in research because:

college undergraduates are not typical of the public at large.

A researcher studies the effects of gender by comparing people's experiences before undergoing sex changes and then again after their sex changes (e.g., like the Donald to Deirdre case mentioned in your text). The researcher uses a statistical technique called individual fixed effects, which involves:

comparing an outcome across time as some factor changes

Ethnographer Mitchell Duneier spent five years hanging out with booksellers on the streets of Manhattan. His role as both researcher and participant provides a great example of the importance of:

critically assessing how our role as researchers may affect the people we study.

If Kate begins her research with a theory, then forms hypotheses and makes some observations, what method is she using?

deductive

A man who commits a homosexual act within prison:

does not necessarily view himself as a homosexual.

Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to:

doing

Race, birth order, generational cohort, sex, and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they:

don't change over time

The game of Monopoly follows the rules of what standard equality?

equality of opportunity

Let's say you are best at building with your hands and you become a carpenter working for a local building contractor. A friend of yours is very good at programming computers, so he or she works at IBM. Yet another friend excels at science, so he or she goes to medical school and becomes a physician. Each of you is paid the exact same salary and each of you lives in the same neighborhood and drives the same type of car. What standard of equality would this be an example of?

equality of outcome

Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research?

establish that something is the cause of something else

What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen?

ethnicity

Perhaps the most difficult method(s) to apply to the social sciences, as compared with laboratory-based natural sciences, is/are:

experimental methods.

Cole was involved in a research study to find out if a particular medicine was safe and could help prevent meningococcal disease in healthy teenagers. Some of the study participants received a shot with no medicine in it (a placebo), while other participants received a shot containing the medicine. Neither the doctor nor Cole would know what shots were being administered or whether Cole was in the experimental or control group. This type of study attempts to prevent:

experimenter bias.

Conducting a double-blind study, so that neither the subjects nor the researchers know which is the experimental group and which is the control group, can guard against:

experimenter bias.

Gender structures social relationships between people unequally. This is a statement that would be supported by which group?

feminists

Based on the results of a representative sample of students at his high school, Jack claims that "the majority of high school students today believe premarital sex is wrong." Jack may be "speaking beyond his data" because the results he obtained may not easily translate to the attitudes of other high school students across the United States. This concern addresses the study's:

generalizability.

In his book The History of Sexuality (1978), Michel Foucault contends that the classification of homosexuality as a kind of deviance was a result of :

government bureaucrats attempting to assert their power over people

Japanese internment camps resulted in:

greater wealth for white Americans.

The concept of race:

has changed over time.

Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:

has important social influence.

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between:

health and economic development.

Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?

her gendered identity

In her study, Darby is using church membership as an indicator of how religious a person is. She discovers that some "very religious" people rarely attend church. Darby may conclude that:

her measure of religiosity lacks validity.

Jackson is using newspaper articles dating from the early 1950s to study unofficial attitudes toward working women post-World War II. Jackson is using what research method?

historical methods

Which group, led by Sir Francis Galton, believed that negative traits such as criminality were passed through bloodlines and could be bred out?

immigrants at Ellis Island

A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:

in the majority.

The main reason that achieving high response rates and limiting selection bias are so important is that they lead to:

increasing generalizability.

Paula begins to notice that there are patterns to where people sit on the bus, and these patterns differ depending on whether the rider is male or female. Based on these observations, she generates larger ideas (theories) about the behaviors of men and women. This is an example of which kind of research approach?

inductive

Which approach to sociological research starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory?

inductive

Georgia has volunteered at the local crisis center. While she is volunteering, she is given permission to "gather data" and ask the women about the circumstances surrounding their abuse. What method will Georgia most likely use?

interviews

Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be:

invisible because they are regarded as the norm.

If a field researcher cannot reveal that a study is being done for fear that this revelation might significantly affect the social processes being studied, he or she is finding out that:

it is sometimes difficult to follow the norms of voluntary participation and informed consent.

Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:

it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal.

Swiss theologian Johann Caspar Lavater suggested that outside appearances were connected to inner virtues. According to him, which of the following features signified higher intellect and more worthy character?

light skin and small features

Which of the following would be considered a positive trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity?

love of sports

By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender:

may not be stable.

Denise, who comes from a lower-middle-class family, obtained a college degree, interned at a company, worked at that company for many years, and is now its CEO. Denise's experiences support the idea of:

meritocracy

Jill wants to know more about how democratic a society is. When she begins her study, she defines the level of democracy as the number of people who are able to participate in popular elections. With this definition, Jill has ____________ the variable "level of democracy":

operationalized

The policy section on "reverse migration" in your textbook argues that the first step to domestic immigration reform should be to:

overturn the restrictions that other nations, including Mexico, place on Americans immigrating to their countries.

Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:

people were are all the same beneath their skin.

Elizabeth would like to conduct a study to determine how women define spousal abuse and the meanings they attach to their abuse. What research method will Elizabeth most likely use?

qualitative

Norm is interested in whether pet owners are more likely than those who do not own pets to have healthier lifestyles (e.g., exercise regularly, drink moderately, and refrain from nicotine use). By comparing the numbers he gathers on both groups, Norm will most likely be using what particular research method?

quantitative

Which of the following key sociological variables resist individual fixed effects?

race

In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as:

racialization.

Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?

racism

A qualitative researcher who assumes everything he observes would have happened exactly the same way if he wasn't there observing lacks:

reflexivity.

After consistently burning dinner for a month, John found out that his oven's temperature gauge was giving readings that were 50 degrees cooler than the oven's actual temperature. John's oven thermometer can be said to be:

reliable but not valid.

If Sandra wants to generalize the findings of her study to another (possibly larger) population, it is important that the people in her study be:

representative of the group(s) she wants to generalize to.

A sociologist finds a strong relationship between education and income. If he only assumes that the amount of education people receive directly causes them to earn a certain income, and not that a family's income can determine educational attainment, he is forgetting to consider:

reverse causality

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

risk adjustment.

Charles is a sociologist studying a population of gay fathers in the United States. He interviews 200 men in his data collection. These 200 men constitute what researchers call a:

sample

In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:

scientific racism.

An example of horizontal social mobility is a(n):

secretary changing firms but retaining his or her occupational status

Many colleges and universities have gone to an online system for evaluating teaching effectiveness. Although this process guarantees anonymity, the completion rate (percentage of students who fill out evaluations) has dropped. What research concern could this drop cause?

selection bias

Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because:

sex and gender are two sides of the same coin and are thus inseparable.

Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

social discomfort and fear of difference

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

social inequality.

____________ is probably the best method available to the social scientist interested in collecting original data and for describing a population too large to observe directly.

survey research

Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?

the decision to raise a male infant born with a micro penis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) as a female

In our society, we take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other

Which of the following examples calls into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking?

the existence of more than two gender groups in other cultures

The story about the author "kidnapping" another child to become his new baby sister shows:

the social impact of race.

Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes. Which variable is the independent variable?

travel to other countries

According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, white people:

typically just see themselves as "individuals."

Ethnocentrism classified nonwhites as abnormal and inferior to help justify:

unequal treatment and conquest

In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasm were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as:

unnecessary.

How could you operationalize the variable "academic achievement"?

use overall GPA as a precise measure

A standard yardstick measures 36 inches, but Sarah is using a "faulty" yardstick (one that measures 40 inches long) to measure the campers in her youth group. Sarah will not get a(n) ____________ indication of height, but she will have a(n) ____________ measure of height.

valid; reliable

Sometimes a researcher may find it necessary to go against the ethical norms of informed consent and voluntary participation, for example,

when it is thought that voluntary participation could introduce bias into the investigation.

If you miss an appointment with your physician:

you will most likely be charged anyway.