Sociology Final (ch8,10,11)

What has modern science determined about racial categories?

Biologically there is no such thing as a pure race.

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States?

Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.

Members of which racial group are the most likely to drop out of high school and the least likely to graduate from college with a bachelor's degree?

Hispanics

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination?

Institutional discrimination is more systematic and widespread.

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam all have what in common?

They are monotheistic.

Why are political action committees much more important to political campaigns now than they were in the past?

Unlike giving to candidates or political parties, there are no limits on how much money an individual can give political action committees.

How do the current demographics of California challenge the way the term "minority" has been used in the past?

Whites are now less than half of the population of California.

Which of the following is an argument about why reverse racism does not exist?

Whites do not suffer from the cumulative disadvantages that people of color experience.

How do sociologists define ethnicity?

a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage

Intrinsic religiosity can be defined as

a person's inner religious life.

How do sociologists define race?

a social category based on real or perceived biological differences

Black Lives Matter (BLM) is a movement that arose in response to extrajudicial police killings of black men in the United States. Which best describes the mission of BLM?

recognize that systemic racism still exists

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

refusing to sell someone a house because of his or her race

Caleb shows his father a book he is reading about racial inequalities in the criminal justice system. In response, his father says "It's ridiculous that some people think police and courts are discriminating against minorities. If you don't want to go to prison then don't commit crimes! End of story." Caleb's father is demonstrating which of the following concepts?

color-blind racism

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

the social construction of race

Abdullah II of Jordan succeeded his father, Hussein bin Talal, as ruler of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1999. This makes his government a

monarchy.

What is a state called when whites are less than half the population?

majority-minority

What are religions called that worship one divine figure?

monotheistic

Which type of economic system is the United States?

capitalist with socialist aspects

Public schools that are run by private entities are called

charter schools.

How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition?

A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious experiences.

Which of the following groups in the United States has the shortest life expectancy?

African American men

Which of the following statements best describes the consequences of the Information Revolution?

Agriculture and manufacturing are shrinking parts of the American economy.

Racial and ethnic minorities are often portrayed in visual representations as animalistic or subhuman, many times as monkeys or chimpanzees. Why might racist imagery so often use animals?

Animal imagery supports the assumption that differences between groups are innate or biologically based.

Why would a company outsource or contract out labor it might otherwise employ its own staff to perform?

It is cheaper.

Which of the following is true of a minority group?

Minority groups are denied access to power and resources by the dominant group.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding community colleges?

Most police officers and firefighters received training at community colleges.

What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?

Prejudice and discrimination help to increase group cohesion.

How is prejudice different from discrimination?

Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination is an action.

Pablo lives in the United States, where most people assume that he is Arab until they learn his name and hear his accent. They are surprised when Pablo tells them that he is from Spain and identifies as white, not Hispanic.

Race is socially defined and the criteria used to determine a person's race varies.

In the Sermon on the Mount, in the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you?

Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.

What is a reason that experts cite as to why higher education and college degrees are sound investments?

The earnings gap between those with and without college degrees continues to widen.

The curriculum at schools like Trinity College at Cambridge (The College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity) leaned heavily on theology during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England. Today, the vast majority of university students will never take any theology classes. Why did this change?

The knowledge, values, and expectations required to succeed in contemporary society are different from those required then.

What type of theorist is most likely to explore the ways in which people "do" ethnicity on a daily basis?

a symbolic interactionist

An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called

a union.

What serious social problem might be made worse if more people were encouraged to telecommute?

alienation and loneliness

Jaymie is a white college student who has become concerned about racial injustices in the United States. She starts taking history and sociology courses that focus on understanding race in America and begins thinking deeply about the role white privilege has played in her life. She also starts talking more openly with her friends about how racism operates in society. Jaymie is working towards becoming a(n) _____.

anti-racist ally

What process is the central idea behind America's "melting pot"?

assimilation

What is a political system called that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government?

authoritarian

In the country where Maria lives, a dictator controls the military and the factories, voting isn't allowed, and the people have no say in what the government does. Maria lives in which type of political system?

authoritarianism

According to Max Weber, Protestant values contributed to the rise of

capitalism

Sharon stopped going to a small local restaurant because she noticed that in comparison to white customers the owner always seats black customers in the less desirable parts of the dining area and gives them less prompt service. Sharon thinks the owner is _____.

committing discrimination

In Savage Inequalities, Jonathon Kozol contends that because schools are funded via property taxes, children in low-income areas are trapped in poor schools and thus get an inferior education. Ultimately, this continually perpetuates inequality. From which sociological perspective did Jonathon Kozol explore the educational system?

conflict

Which of the following sociological perspectives is concerned with the ways the educational practice known as "tracking" leads to inequality and different outcomes for different categories of students?

conflict

Consider the different theoretical perspectives explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might be used to explore the social patterns perpetuating overrepresentation of African American and Hispanic males in prisons?

conflict theory

Sweden's government, in which there are official kings and queens who have limited official power that is checked by an elected parliament, is an example of which form of government?

constitutional monarchy

Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses or gypsies. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture?

cultural appropriation

In 1970, Salvador Allende became the president of Chile through open elections. By supporting a military coup, the assassination of Allende, and the following dictatorship, the United States helped end Chile's

democracy.

Which of the following techniques is used to disenfranchise part of the American population today?

denying people who have been convicted of felonies the right to vote

"Driving while black," or being racially profiled by police, is an example of _____.

discrimination

An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a racial or ethnic group is called

discrimination.

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting?

disenfranchisement

What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members?

education

Leroy feared that because his son Carl completed classwork very slowly he'd be labeled as an underachiever in school and placed in remedial courses. This might ultimately cost Carl access to key courses as he progresses through school. This process exemplifies __________.

educational tracking

As online interaction becomes more common, so too do online friendships. Within an online environment, which conceptual element within sociology becomes unavailable to us?

embodied identity

Kathy attends church on Sundays as well as Wednesday evenings. She also routinely participates in mission work. This demonstrates her __________.

extrinsic religiosity

Religious groups that emphasize literal interpretation of sacred texts are called

fundamentalist.

Neo recently started kindergarten, and one day he tells his dad that he got a gold star for being the best at following instructions. His dad gives him a high five, but inside he feels somewhat concerned that his son is learning to blindly obey authority figures. Neo's dad is uneasy about the effect on his son of the school's __________.

hidden curriculum

Herman associates Native Americans with violence and laziness but is completely unaware of these negative stereotypes that he holds in his mind. This is an example of which of the following concepts?

implicit bias

Fran is a call center customer-service worker who has a script she's supposed to strictly follow when she responds to customer complaints. One day, a customer is extremely rude to her and Fran departs from the script and asks her to be more polite and respectful. What kind of strategy is this is an example of?

individual resistance

What is it an example of when office workers hang pictures in their cubicles or waste time daydreaming while on the clock?

individual resistance

The "Jim Crow" laws, which mandated separate facilities for whites and blacks, were an example of

institutional discrimination.

What has it been referred to as when minority group members are prejudice against themselves or their own group?

internalized racism

Canada has a very diverse population, both racially and ethnically. The government is committed to ensuring that all citizens have a voice and equal access to key resources in their communities. What concept does this demonstrate?

multiculturalism

Caleb has been regularly listening to a popular weekly podcast on political issues and current events produced and hosted by the well-known journalist Ezra Klein. Over time, Caleb has noticed that his political opinions have become increasingly similar to Klein's. A sociologist would describe Ezra Klein as a(n) __________.

opinion leader

According to Karl Marx, where does surplus value come from?

paying workers less than the value of what they create

Callie is running for mayor of Arlington, Texas. She campaigns on the promise of racial and ethnic tolerance and her campaign slogan is "Diversity is our strength!" Her vision for the city would be best described as _____.

pluralism

Which of the following would be an example of social media?

politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents directly

The methods and tactics of managing and influencing government are called

politics.

In 1999 up to one million ethnic Albanians were forcefully expelled and deported by Serbian and Yugoslavian forces from the province of Kosovo, where their people had lived for centuries. This is an example of which concept?

population transfer

Robert is walking down the street late at night when a man in a ski mask suddenly sticks a gun in his face and takes his wallet. Sociologists would say that Robert's mugger had ________ but not ________.

power; authority

"From each according to his ability, to each according to his need." This slogan could only be fully realized with

pure communism.

What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?

racial passing

A society that separates church and state is a(n) ________ society.

secular

In the United States, school and bank calendars are planned around Christian holidays and our presidents place their hands on a Bible when they are sworn into office. These all run contrary to the commonly held idea that the United States is what kind of society?

secular

Veronique, a teenager living in the early 1960s in Greensboro, North Carolina, was standing outside a building and noticed one entry door marked "Whites only," while another sign saying "Blacks" was posted on a different door. She was told that this rule was enforced by a law. This is called _____.

segregation

In Soviet Russia, it was a common practice to edit old photographs to reflect the current political mood and to treat the doctored photos as representations of reality rather than modifications of it. For example, Stalin's friends who turned into his enemies were cut out of pictures with him. These pictures were examples of

simulacrum

Sebastian is a Latino man from Puerto Rico who now lives in Kansas City. In his everyday life in the city, he downplays his ethnicity, which isn't physically obvious, but when he goes on trips back home he proudly displays his Puerto Rican heritage. What term best describes this scenario?

situational ethnicity

Systems and structures that persist over time and help organize group life are called

social institutions.

Manny believes that religion gives meaning to his life. He believes that religion helps him understand the most fundamental questions about life and existence. Manny understands religion through which sociological lens?

structural functionalism

Jacobson and Rosenthal's Pygmalion in the Classroom showed that

students whom teachers expect to do well tend to fare better in the classroom.

Matthew is an American whose great-grandfather immigrated to the United States from Mexico. While he doesn't really express his Mexican heritage in his daily life, every year he celebrates the Mexican holiday of Cinco De Mayo by dressing in traditional Mexican attire, participating in a parade, and cooking a feast of Mexican food for his friends. Matthew is displaying _____.

symbolic ethnicity

Displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions are called

symbolic ethnicity.

Consider the major theoretical perspectives routinely explored throughout the text. Which theoretical perspective might explore the ways in which television advertisements influence public opinion about political candidates?

symbolic interactionist

In Schooling in Capitalist America, Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis argued that schools train a labor force in the skills and attitudes necessary for the health of a modern economy. What are these skills and attitudes?

taking orders and performing repetitive tasks

What variable would account for the dramatic jump in test scores evidenced by the students in Rosenthal and Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom?

teacher attitudes

The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence

that the United States is not a totally secular society.

What is religiosity?

the extent of a person's commitment to a religion

Sociologists have noted that the informal teaching practices and power relationships by which schools operate produce a disconnect between democratic values and what actually goes on in schools. About what concept are such arguments referring?

the hidden curriculum

The MOST DRAMATIC change that has occurred in the realm of work since the Information Revolution has been __________.

the increase of information work and the decrease of manual labor work

C. Wright Mills identifies the small and unified group of people who occupy the highest positions of the major economic, political, and military institutions and exercise tremendous influence in American social life as

the power elite.

The majority of appointed U.S. Treasury secretaries have been either former partners or managers of Goldman Sachs, a global investment management firm. Sociologists would argue that this overlap between private business and the federal government is an example of

the power elite.

What is the MOST extreme form of authoritarianism called?

totalitarianism

What is the process called when students are tested and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.)?

tracking

Corporations such as Coca-Cola and General Electric, which are embedded in countries throughout the world and have a significant impact on the global economy, are referred to as __________.

transnational corporations

What is a term for someone who labels himself or herself "spiritual but not religious"?

unchurched

Voter participation rates are often considered to be quite low in the United States. What change in voting patterns and how voter participation is measured has challenged this idea?

use of the voting-eligible population as a metric