Sociology Final Exam
Sweden, whose comprehensive sex education program in its public schools educates participants about safe sex, can serve as a model for this approach. The teenage birthrate in Sweden is ________ , compared with ________ in the United States.
7 per 1,000 births; 49 per 1,000 births
________ is a system for understanding collective behavior that credited individuals in crowds as rational beings. This theory refocuses attention from collective behavior to collective action, which is based on a shared interest.
Assembling perspective
________ is an alternative to arranged marriages in which the couple or group doesn't meet before the wedding.
Courtship
________ suggests we might view illness as a stigma that can push others to view the ill in an undesirable manner.
Erving Goffman
________ theorists would suggest that racism can contribute positively to society by increasing solidarity between in-groups members by refusing to allow outsiders access.
Functionalist
________ is a process that accepts and encourages casual sexaual encounters, including one-night stands and other related activity, which focuses on physical pleasure without necessarily including emotional bonding or long-term commitment.
Hooking up
________ may be built in to a child's life through parental socialization and normative expectations which vary along lines of social class, race, and ethnicity.
Inequality
________ believed that the struggle between groups to either attain wealth and power or keep the wealth and power they had, was inevitable in a capitalist society.
Karl Marx
________ is considered to be a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union.
Marriage
________ is a recent social movement in the U.S. that ran contrary to the usual models.
Occupy Wall Street
________ perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted.
Patriarchal
This ________ of the women's movement attempted to broaden the debates on women's issues to sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, de facto inequalities, and official legal inequalities.
Second Wave
________ are not interested in large structures such as the government but as micro-sociologists, they are more interested in the face-to-face aspects of politics, or at least the kind of politics that is sanitized by the media through gatekeeping
Symbolic interaction theorists
________ focus attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent government, power, and authority. They are most interested in the interaction between small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all.
Symbolic interaction theorists
Which of the following best describes the fortunes of the major social classes in the United States since the 1970s?
The rich have gotten much richer; people in the middle class have made no significant gains; and the poor have increased in number and grown poorer.
________ contains within itself customary rights and obligations based on the social norms that surround it.
The sick role
According to Max Weber, the power of ________is accepted because it has been accepted for a long time.
Traditional authority
In which type of authority, is power vested in a particular rationale, system, or ideology and not necessarily in the person who implements the specifics of that doctrine?
Traditional authority
Power in ________ is held by a single person, or a very small group, that wields complete and absolute authority over a government and population.
a dictatorship
According to Karl Marx, struggles between groups are necessary for the development of
a more egalitarian society
Stereotypes
are recycled from subordinate groups that have assimilated into society.
What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes
by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion.
A ________ is based on both social factors and individual achievement while a ________ is based on one in which people are born into their social standing no vertical mobility is allowed
class system; caste system
The two types of stratification systems are ________, which do not allow change in social position and ________, which are based on achievement and allow movement between levels.
closed systems; open systems
A ________ describes those living together before or in lieu of marriage, which is a growing option for many couples.
cohabiting family
Dependency theory suggests that
core nations choose which countries to loan money to and decide which labor markets will benefit the dominant countries with less thought given to the country targeted for development.
By marginalizing the rights of women through gender inequality, we
deny ourselves the opportunity to lift men, women and children out of poverty
The ________ helps to explain the different processes that occur in families over time. Sociologists view each segment as having its own structure with different challenges, achievements, and accomplishments that transition the family from one to the next.
family life cycle
The ________ created the global economy, provided new political platforms, and even spurred new religions and new forms of religious worship
globalizing shift toward industrial corporate entities
Issues such as infectious disease, high infant mortality rates, scarce medical personnel, and inadequate water and sewer systems, which high-income countries rarely even think about, are central to the lives of most people in low-income nations. Due to such health concerns, low-income nations have ________ rates of infant mortality and ________ average life spans.
higher; lower
Email and immediate information have simply increased the amount of time employees are expected to be responsive and available. While once businesses had to travel at the speed of the U.S. postal system, sending something off and waiting until it was received before the next stage, today the ________means there are no such breaks.
immediacy of information transfer
The ________ focuses on how race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity.
interaction theory
Because people often experience multiple layers of disadvantage as they experience race, ________ suggests that we must also understand that prejudice can be layered prejudice, often encompassing more than one prejudice or stereotype at a time.
intersection theory
When considering one's ________, most people in the United States look to ancestors on both their father's and mother's sides.
lineage
Chicago has a ________ focused on "building a socially just city". Through its offerings, AREA Chicago gives local residents a chance to engage in a movement to help build a socially just city.
local social movement
Today, in the United States, ________, and the District of Columbia require comprehensive sex education classes in schools.
only eighteen states
In a ________ residence system it is customary for the wife to live with, or near her husband's blood relatives.
patrilocal
One way children learn gender roles is through
play.
________ people are less likely to marry and less likely to stay married.
poor
Recent research notes, "racial and ethnic minorities are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to be ________," so many of the data pertaining to subordinate groups is also likely to be pertinent to low socioeconomic groups.
poor or near poor
A government's ________ is not necessarily limited to control of its own citizens. A dominant nation, for instance, will often use its clout to influence or support other governments or to seize control of other nation states.
power
Examples of ________ include antinuclear groups, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), the Dreamers movement for immigration reform, and the Human Rights Campaign's advocacy for Marriage Equality.
reform movements
Since the term ________ refers to biological or physical distinctions, these characteristics will not vary significantly between different human societies.
sex
A person's ________ is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female.
sexual orientation
Today, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and Native Americans have higher incidence of diseases and causes of mortality, including cancer, heart disease and diabetes. Research indicated that this gap ________ during the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, ________ in the early 1980s.
started to narrow; but it began widening again
By this definition, the level of modernity within a society is judged by the sophistication of its ________, particularly as it relates to infrastructure, industry, etc
technology
Although Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg may prefer to use the word "gender" rather than the word "sex" in court documents, social scientists would suggest
that these terms are not correctly used as interchangeable.
Asian Americans certainly have been subject to their share of racial prejudice, despite the seemingly positive stereotype knowns as the________ because they appear to achieve significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment.
the model minority
Social mobility can be defined as _____.
the movement of people between different socioeconomic classes
Which of the following are factors that have contributed to the increase in the homeless population in the United States?
the rising cost of housing
Successful social movements use _____ kinds of frames to further their goals
three
Overall, women ages ________ are at the greatest risk of nonfatal abuse in intimate partner violence
twenty to twenty four
Research also describes the infant mortality rate in the United States. This is the number of deaths of children under one year of age in a given time or place. The rate for blacks was nearly ________ that of whites.
twice
Infants are often victims of physical abuse, particularly in the form of
violent shaking.
Poor ________ can skew election results, particularly if one age or socioeconomic group is more diligent in its efforts to make it to the polls.
voter turnout
Relative to their presence in the U.S. population, women and racial/ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the U.S. Congress. ________ still dominate both houses.
white males
Although both single men and single women report social pressure to get married, ________ are subject to greater scrutiny.
women
Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world. For example, several studies have shown that ________ students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are________ students.
Scandinavian; U.S
Following this decision, many states moved forward with voter identification laws that had previously been banned by federal courts. Although only ________ in federal elections, were found guilty of voter fraud between 2002 and 2005 these steps were taken anyway and opponents note that new voter ID laws disproportionately affect minorities and the poor, potentially prohibiting them from exercising their right to vote.
45 voters, out of 177,000,000 voters
The U.S. Census Bureau reports that the number of unmarried cohabiting couples has grown from fewer than one million in the 1970s to ________ in 2011 and account for 10 percent of all opposite-sex couples in the United States.
8.1 million
More than ________ of people living in the United States have been married at least once by the time they reach their 50s.
80 percent
For years, ________ who were brave enough to vote were discouraged by discriminatory legislation, passed in many southern states, which required poll taxes and literacy tests of prospective voters.
African Americans
Which of the following describe ways that class systems differ from slavery and castes?
Class positions are in some part achieved.
With repeated exposure to the agents of family, education, peer groups, and mass media, over time such ________ leads men and women into a false sense that they are acting naturally rather than following a socially constructed role.
Gender socialization
Research, presents evidence that homosexuals and bisexuals are treated differently than heterosexuals in schools, the workplace, and the military. In 2011, for example, Sears and Mallory used data from the 2008 ________ to show that 27 percent of lesbian, gay, bisexual (LGB) respondents reported experiencing sexual orientation-based discrimination during the five years prior to the survey, and that 38 percent of openly LGB people experienced discrimination during the same time period.
General Social Survey
Max Weber studied power and authority, differentiating between ________ and formulating a system for classifying types of ________.
Power; authority
________seek to change something specific about the social structure.
Reform Movements
According to ________, the struggles between and within groups have historically been spurred by the drive to protect or gain territory and wealth, and the need to preserve liberty and autonomy
Social conflict theorists
________ believe that alongside the health disparities created by class inequalities, there are a number of health disparities created by racism, sexism, ageism, and heterosexism
Social conflict theorists
________ describe a health care structure dependent on profitability.
Social conflict theorists
Divorce rates are likely higher in the ________ because marriage rates are higher and marriage occurs at younger-than-average ages in this region. In the ________, the marriage rate is lower and first marriages tend to be delayed; therefore, the divorce rate is lower.
South; Northeast
________ use the term medicalization of deviance to refer to the process that changes "bad" behavior into "sick" behavior. They also use a related process called de-medicalization, in which "sick" behavior is normalized again.
Symbolic interaction theorists
According to ________, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be "doing gender."
Symbolic interaction theory
When applying for a loan at the bank, ________ suggests that the applicant may make a different appeal to the loan officer, depending on their gender, because the meanings attached to symbols are socially created rather than natural, and we act and react to symbols based on the current assigned meaning.
Symbolic interaction theory
________ would suggest that because heterosexuality had come to signify normalcy, homosexuality came to be viewed as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Today, the American Psychological Association cites no association between sexual orientation and psychopathology and sees homosexuality as a normal aspect of human sexuality.
Symbolic interactionists
The U.S. Census has struggled with the issue of Arab identity. The 2010 Census, as in previous years, did not offer an "Arab" box to check under the question of race. Individuals who want to be counted as Arabs had to check the box for "Some other race" and then write in their race. However, when the Census data is tallied, they will be marked as ________, effectively denying Arab Americans opportunities for federal assistance.
White
As is often the case with stereotyping and prejudice, the actions of extremists on September 11, 2001 have come to define the entire group, regardless of the fact that most U.S. citizens with ties to the Middle Eastern community condemn terrorist actions, as do most inhabitants of the Middle East. The United States was deeply affected by this event and it has fortified ________ for a large percentage of Americans, and contributed to hundreds of hate crimes.
anti-Arab sentiment
A minority group is made up of people who
are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group.
Besides formal offices, ________ can arise from tradition and personal qualities.
authority
According to ________, global inequality is caused by dominant, core nations whose main goal is to exploit semi-peripheral and peripheral nations, creating a cycle of perpetual reliance
dependency theory
Social movements have a life cycle, they they ________. All social movements go through this cycle.
emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out.
Before the Reynolds v. Sims, decision, unequal distributions of population enabled small groups of people in sparsely populated rural areas to have as much voting power as the denser populations of urban areas. After Reynolds v. Sims, districts were redrawn so that they would include
equal numbers of voters.
Individuals may be identified or may self-identify with ________ groups in complex, even contradictory, ways.
ethnic
Research has revealed that in societies which some consider to be ________, women comprise the dominant group. In these societies, women and men tend to work cooperatively rather than competitively regardless of whether a job is considered feminine by U.S. standards.
matriarchies
Changing the clinical description of "Gender Identity Disorder" in the DSM V
may contribute to a larger acceptance of transgender people in society.
Research indicates that ________ are no more effective than social ones at helping with the difficulties of pain and childbirth, and that women with supportive partners ended up with less medical intervention and fewer cases of postpartum depression.
medical interventions
Most Americans consider themselves to be part of which social class?
middle class
Groups that are subordinate, or that lack power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin are referred to as
minority groups
According to ________ undeveloped and low income countries are in their situation because they have not industrialized, but could do so if they simply chose to.
modernization theory
In research between 2006 and 2010, ________ of heterosexual women ages fifteen to forty-four said they were not married to their spouse or partner when they first lived with them.
nearly half
The most common form of child abuse is
neglect
The ________ denotes the combination of husband, wife, and children
nuclear family
Endeavors to gain ________ and influence do not necessarily lead to violence, exploitation, or abuse.
power
A great deal of marital problems can be related to stress, especially
stress about money
Based on this work, Weber developed a classification system for authority. His three types of authority were defined as
traditional authority, charismatic authority and legal-rational authority.
