Sociology Final- Kelly Damphousse

Charles H. Cooley

"looking-glass self" suggests that one's determination of self is based mainly on the view of society (for instance, if society perceives a man as a masculine, then that man will perceive himself as masculine)

Sandy's study of the Indonesian Minangkabau

revealed that in societies thats some considered to be matriarchies (where women comprise the dominant group) women and men tend to work cooperatively rather than competitively regardless of whether a job is considered feminine by American standards

prejudice discriminators

those who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes

prejudice non-discriminators

those who hold racist beliefs but don't act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers

unprejudiced discriminators

those who unthinkingly, practice sexism in their workplace by not considering females for certain positions that have traditionally been held by men

transsexuals

transgendered individuals who wish to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery hormonal therapy- so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity

being a numerical minority is not a characteristic of being a minority group

true

cross-dressing is typically a form self-expression, entertainment, or personal style, not necessarily an expression against one's assigned gender

true

in most communities, people interact primarily with others who share the same social standing

true

individuals are usually aware of their sexual orientation between middle childhood and early adolescence

true

it is precisely because of social stratification that people tend to live, work, and associate with others like themselves

true

sex and gender are not the same thing

true

that people who cross-dress, or wear clothing that is traditionally assigned to opposite gender, are not necessarily transgendered

true

there is no scientific consensus regarding the exact reasons why an individual holds a heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual orientation

true

feminist theory

type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues

racism

type of prejudice that involves set beliefs about a specific racial group

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick

coined the tem homosocial males are subject to a clear divide between the two sides of this continuum, whereas feels enjoy more fluidity

caste system

people are born into their social standing and will remain in it their whole lives. People are assigned occupations regardless of their talents, interests, or potential. There are virtually no opportunities to improve one's social position.

upper-middle class

people tend to hold bachelor's and postgraduate degrees. They've studied subjects such as business, management, law,or medicine.

Hindu caste system

people were expected to work in the occupation of their caste and to enter into marriage according to their caste

functionalists

perspectives states that systems exist in society for good reason

more developed nations

have higher wealth, such as Canada, Japan, and Australia

lower-middle class

hold bachelor's degrees or associate's degrees from two-year community or technical colleges. people hold jobs supervised by members of the upper middle class

By comparing _________ and __________ between nations, researches can better identify global inequalities.

income and productivity

downward mobility

indicates a lowering of one's social class

transgender

individuals who identify with the role that is the opposite of their biological sex

berdache

individuals who occasionally or permanently dressed and lived as the opposite gender

as _______________ become rich, other nations became

industrialized nations

income, employment class, poverty rates, and affordability of housing

standard of living is based on 4 factors

four categories of sexual orientation

- heterosexuality - homosexuality -bisexuality -asexuality

four examples of how prejudice and discrimination can occur:

- unprejudiced non- discriminators - unprejudiced discriminators -prejudice non-discriminators -prejudiced discriminators

Outline of World

-George Murdock -all societies classify work by gender -found that in nearly all cases the jobs assigned to men were given grater prestige

underclass

-america's lowest tier -live mainly in inner cities -many are unemployed or underemployed - those who do hold jobs typically perform menial tasks to little pay - some are homeless

functionalists

-examine the purpose of such high salaries -examines how society's parts operate - different aspects of society exist because they save a needed purpose

four major agents of socialization that gender socialization occurs through:

-family - education - peer groups -mass media

Talcott Parsons

-functionalist - argued that the regulation of sexual activity is an important function of the family

Friedrich Engels

-german sociologist - studied family structure and gender roles -suggested that the same owner-worker relationship seen in the labor force is also seen in the household, with women assuming of the proletariat

a mere _________ of the population holds one third of our nation's wealth

1%

According to Charles Wagley and Marvin Harris a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics

1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives 2)distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language 3) involuntary membership in the group 4) awareness of subordinate 5) high rate of in-group marriage

gender identity

an individual's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles

meritocracy

another system of social stratification in which personal effort determines social standing.

________________ is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practice and sexual openness

Sweden

mores; values

What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the ________________ and ____________________ of the society

prejudice

_____________________ is not based on experience; instead, it is a prejudgment, originating outside of actual experience

per capita gross domestic product (GDP)

a country's average national wealth per person. calculated (usually annually) by totaling either the income of all citizens or the value of all goods and services produced in the country during the year. It also includes government spending

subordinate group

a group of people who have less power than the dominate group

dominant group

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

GNI PPP

an annual report that measures the relative economic well-being of the world's countries

homophobia

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

income

a person's wages or investment dividends

queer theory

a perspective that problematizes the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual reject the dichotomization of sexual orientations into two mutually exclusive outcomes, homosexual or heterosexual

melanin

a pigment that determines skin color

socialization

a process in which people learn to behave in particular way as dictated by societal values, beliefs, and attitudes

social stratification

a society's categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education and power

closed (caste) systems

accommodate little change in social position. They do not allow people to shift level an duo not permit social relations between levels.

ideological and economic

according to conflict theorists, there are two key dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriage

class traits

also called class markers, are the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class indicate the level of exposure a person has to a wide range of cultures indicate the amount of resources a person has to spend on items like hobbies vacations, and leisure activities

Alfred Kinsey

among the first to conceptualize sexuality as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight created a six-point rating scale that ranges from heterosexuality to exclusively homosexual

upward-mobility

an increase-- or upward shift-- in social class

minority group

any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others i the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination

functionalists

argue that gender roles were established well before the pre-industrial era when men typically took care of responsibilities outside of the home, such as hunting, and women typically took care of the domestic responsibilities in or around the home

West and Zimmerman

argue that whether we are expressing your masculinity or femininity we are always "doing gender"

class system

based on both social factors and individual achievements

women could not execute a will

before 1809

women were not allowed to own or control property

before 1840

women were not permitted to vote

before 1920

employees could legally pay woman less than a man for he same work

before 1963

women did not have the right to a safe and legal abortion

before 1973

Karl Marx

believed social stratification resulted from people's relationship to production people were divided by a single line: they either owned factories or worked in them workers experience deep alienation, isolation and misery resulting from powerless status levels

stereotypes

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

bourgeois capitalists

owned high-producing businesses, factories, and land, as they still today raked in profits and rich

Emile Durkheim

calls racism a social fact, meaning that it does not require the action of individuals to continue

__________ is a key concept to the middle class.

comfort

global stratification

compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.

double standard

concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

upper class

considered america's top, and only the powerful elite get to see the view from there.

radical feminist

considers the role of the family in perpetuating male dominance

class

consists of a set of people who share similar status with regard to factors like wealth, income, education, occupation

Louis Wirth

defined minority groups

Ira Reiss

defined the double standard as prohibiting premarital sexual intercourse for women but allowing it for men.

Peggy McIntosh

described several examples of "white privilege" examples: White women can easily find makeup that matches their skin tone white people can be assured that, most of the time, they will be dealing with authority figures of their own race

ethnicity

described shared culture; the practices, values, and beliefs of a group

intragenerational mobility

describes a difference in social class that between different members of the same generation

scapegoat theory

developed initially from Dollard's Frustration-Aggression theory, suggests that the dominant group will displace their unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group example: hitler with the jews

symbolic interactionism

examines stratification from a micro-level perspective strives to explain how people's social standing affects their everyday interactions people's appearance reflects their perceived social standing. Housing, clothing and transportation indicate social status, as do hairstyles, taste in accessories, and personal style.

intergenerational mobility

explains a difference in social class between different generations of a family

family

first agent of socialization parents socialize their sons and daughters differently

symbolic interactionists

focus on the meanings associated with the sexuality and with sexual orientation interested in how discussions of homosexuals often focus almost exclusively on the sex lives of gays and lesbians; homosexuals especially men, may be assumed to be hyper sexual and, in some cases deviant focus on slurs used to describe homosexuals

minority groups

groups that are subordinate, or lacking power in society regardless of skin color or country of origin

structural mobility

happens when societal changes enable a whole group of people to move up or down the social class ladder

"old money"

inherited wealth passed from one generation to the next firmly situated in the upper class for generations, have held high prestige-- their families have socialized them to know the customs, norms, and expectation that come with wealth

gender

is a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions associated with being male or female

2-5%

it is estimated that _______________ of the US population is transgendered

the life expectancy of citizens is _______ than in high-income countries

lower

endogamous union

marrying a partner from his same social background

asexuality

no attraction to either sex

homosocial

non-sexual same-sex relation

play

one way children learn roles is through _______________

unprejudiced non- discriminators

open-minded, tolerant, and accepting indivduals

Melvin Tumin

questioned what determined a job's degree of importance ( davis and moore) believed social stratification prevented qualified people from attempting to fill roles

racial steering

real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

conspicuous consumption

refers to buying certain products to make a social statement about status

sex

refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity.

sexism

refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another

race

refers to superficial physical differences that a particular society considers significant (system of labeling that provides a source of identity)

white privilege

refers to the fact that dominant groups often accept their experiences as the normative (and hence, superior) experience

No individual, rich or poor, can be blamed for _____________.

social inequality

parents tend to pass their ______________ on to their children

social position

conflict theory

social problems are created then dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups it is difficult for women to rise above men, as dominant group members create the rules for success and opportunity in society

the built-system of _____________ groups people together.

social stratification

functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism

social stratification can be examined from 3 different sociological perspectives

gender role

society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave

a person's social standing is affected by the __________.

structure of society

heteronormative society

supports heterosexuality as the norm

social mobility

the ability to change position within a social stratification system

bisexuality

the attraction to individuals of either

homosexuality

the attraction to individuals of one's own sex

heterosexuality

the attraction to individuals of the opposite sex

social consistency

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

gender identity

the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine

davis-moore thesis

the greater the functional importance of a social role, the greater must be the reward social stratification represents the inherently unequal value of different work certain tasks in society are more valuable than others

working- class people

the highest subcategory of the lower class, often land decent jobs in fields like custodial or food service. The work is hands-on and often physically demanding, such as landscaping, cooking, cleaning, or building.

standard of living

the level of wealth available to a certain socioeconomic class in order to acquire the material necessities and comforts to maintain its lifestyle

wealth

the net value of money and assets a person has

social construction of race

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

stratification

the system of social standing

proletariates

the workers who performed the manual labor to produce goods. earned skimpy wages and struggled to survive

sexual orientation

their emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex

exogamous marriages

unions of spouses from different social categories

sexuality

viewed as a person's capacity for sexual feelings

"new money"

wealth you have earned and built yourself are not oriented to the customs and mores of the elite. They haven't gone to the most, exclusive schools. They have not established old social ties.

cultural universal

when a pattern appears in all societies

institutional discrimination

when a societal system has developed with an embedded disenfranchisement of a group example: the U.S. military's historical nonacceptance of minority sexualities as recently experienced surrounding the "don't ask, don't tell" policy

conflict theory

when it comes to sexuality, it is another area in which power differentials are present and where dominant groups actively work to promote their worldview as well as their economic interests

functionalists

when it comes to sexuality, stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability the purpose of encouraging sexual activity in the confines of marriage is to intensify the bond between spouses and to ensure that procreation occurs within a stable, legally recognized relationship

"doing gender"

when people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves

open systems

which are based on achievement, allow movement and interaction between layers and classes.

conflict theorists

will study the exorbitant salaries as an unfair distribution of money

Many __________ class people do not vote people do not vote because they do not believe that nay politician will help change their situation

working poor